新概念英语第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson33 【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?Education is one of the key words of our time. A manwithout an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunatevictim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of thegreatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of theimportance of education, modern states 'invest' ininstitutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the formof a large group of enlightened young men and women whoare potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instructionso carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization belike without its benefits?So much is certain：that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births --but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would layless stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory,on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to getalong with his fellow-citizens. If our educational systemwere fashioned after its bookless past we would have themost democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribalpeople all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it istaught to every member of the tribe so that in this respecteverybody is equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which onlyour most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receivethe traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peopleswithout a script -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a numberof 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.JULIUS E. LIPS The Origin of Things【New words and expressions生词和短语】adverse adj.不利的purchasable adj.可买到的preacher n.传教士defendant n.被告outlook n.视野capacity n.水平democratic adj.民主的tribal n.部落的tribe n.部落illiterate n.文盲compulsory adj.义务的deem v.认为means n. 方法，手段，财产，资力hamper v.妨碍savannah n.大草原juvenile adj.青少年delinquency n.犯罪【课文注释】1.adverse adj.不利的,逆向的,有害的例句： The development was adverse to our interests.这种发展与我们的利益背道而驰。

【词义辨析】opposite, contrary, adverse, reverse, converse这些形容词均含“相反的、对立的”之意。

opposite ：指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。

contrary ：一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。

adverse ：通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。

reverse ：指朝相反方向的或反面 ( 背面 ) 的。

converse ：指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。

2.deprive of剥夺,使失去... (权利)例句： What will a student do if he were deprived ofhis books?一个学生如果没有了书籍，将怎么办?deprive vt v.剥夺,失去,免职例句： We have no right to deprive their life.我们没有权利去剥夺它们的生命。

【词义辨析】rob, steal, plunder, deprive这些动词均含“偷，抢，夺”之意。

rob ：最常用词，指用暴力恐吓或哄骗等非法手段抢夺财物。

steal ：普通用词，指暗中行窃。

plunder ：指大规模或大范围地掠夺。

deprive ：多指夺去或扣留别人拥有或可能拥有的有价值或必需的东西，也可用于指抽象的事物。

cation, with its cycles of instruction so carefullyworked out, punctuated by textbooks这句话中的主语Education与punctuated 并不是一种主谓关系，所以，这句话在语法上被称作单元句。

punctuate v.①加标点于例句： The children have not yet learned topunctuate correctly.这些小学生尚未学会准确使用标点符号②强调例句： He made gestures to punctuate his speech.他打手势来强调他的讲话。

③不时打断例句： He punctuated his remarks with thumps on the table.他讲话时不时地捶着桌子。

4.So much is certain[b]有承上启下的作用，一方面回答了前一段的最后一句的提问，另一方面开始列举没有教育将会给社会文明带来的影响。

5.[b]lay stress on强调(着重,重视)例句： They lay too much stress on money.他们太看重金钱了。

6.capacity n.①水平例句： He has a great capacity for learning languages.他学语言的水平很强。

②容量 ,容积例句： What is the capacity of this jug?这个水壶的容积多大 ?③职位 ,资格例句： He participated in an unofficial capacity.他参与了一个非官方的职位。

She alone was in a capacity to begin the negotiation.只有她有资格开始谈判。