Module 1 Basketball Section Ⅲ Grammar-构词法语法图解探究发现①He was named their most valued player five times. ②Let’s have a swim .③We will try our best to better our living conditions. ④The girl in black appears very beautiful. ⑤⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ im possible mis understand dis agree⑥⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧hunt er move ment inven tion[我的发现](1)①句中，name 通常为名词，此处用作动词。
(2)②句中，swim 通常为动词，此处用作名词。
(3)③句中，better 通常为形容词，此处用作动词。
(4)④句中，black 通常为形容词，此处用作名词。
(5)⑤中，黑体部分为前缀；⑥中，黑体部分为后缀。
前者一般不会改变一个词的词性，后者往往改变一个词的词性。
一、词的转化1．概念：由一种词类转化为另一种词类，称为词的转化。
2．常见的词类转化形式： (1)名词转化为动词book n．书→v.预订；预约dust n．灰尘，尘埃→v.打扫film n．电影；影片→v.拍电影；拍摄fish n．鱼→v.钓鱼mail n．邮件→v.邮寄；发送seat n．座位→v.使就座，容纳ship n．船→v.用船运送；遣送shoulder n．肩膀→v.负责任，肩负，承担train n．火车→v.训练，培养water n．水→v.浇水We should shoulder these responsibilities.我们应当担负起这些责任。
(2)动词转化为名词dress v．(给……)穿衣服→n.连衣裙dream v．做梦→n.梦look v．看；寻找→n.看；神色love v．爱，喜欢→n.爱；爱人plant v．种植→n.植物；工厂smell v．闻到→n.气味study v．学习；研究→n.学习；研究；书房bet v．下赌注→n.打赌；赌注swim v．游泳→n.游泳try v．尝试→n.尝试kick v．踢→n.踢；踢脚work v．工作→n.工作In the beginning, John did good work at school.开始时约翰在学校的成绩不错。
[名师点津] 由动词转化而来的名词常与 give, have, make, take 等动词搭配来表示一个动作。
give a kick 踢have a swim 游泳make a bet 打赌(3)形容词转化为动词dirty adj.脏的→v.(使)变脏dry adj.干燥的→v.擦干，(使)变干empty adj.空的→v.倒空free adj.自由的→v.释放narrow adj.狭窄的→v.(使)变窄slow adj.缓慢的→v.(使)减速quiet adj.安静的→vt.使平静；使安心The room gradually quieted down.屋里慢慢静了下来。
(4)形容词转化为名词chemical adj.化学的→n.化学制品，化学药品daily adj.每天的→n.日报final adj.最后的→n.决赛native adj.当地的→n.当地人quiet adj.安静的→n.宁静；平静total adj.总的→n.总数right adj.正确的→n.正确wrong adj.错误的→n.错误，坏事He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非对错。
[即时演练1] 写出下列黑体单词的词性和词义①He knew the answer to the question.n.答案②The hall can seat two t housand people.v.容纳③Those who do wrong should be punished.n.坏事④Wash and dry your hands before you eat meal.v.擦干(5)其他词类转化情况out adv.往外，向外→n.托词；出路south n．南方→adv.向南，朝南up adv.在上面→n.增长upstairs n．楼上→adv.在楼上Come down to us we can’t hear you upstairs.下来到我们这儿来，你在楼上我们听不清楚。
[即时演练2] 完成句子①The case has_been_emptied for these books.箱子已经被倒空用来装这些书。
②It will free_us_of a whole lot of debt.它会使我们摆脱巨额债务。
③She slowed_the_car and began driving up a narrow road.她放慢车速，开始驶上一条狭窄的道路。
④Jeremy wants some peace_and_quiet before his big match.杰里米希望在大赛来临之前能享受到些许平静和安宁。
⑤The companies have a_total_of 776 employees.这些公司总计有776名员工。
⑥Parents and children should communicate more to_narrow_the_gap between them so that they can understand each other better.家长们和孩子们应该多交流以缩小他们之间的代沟，以便他们能更好地了解彼此。
二、词的派生1．概念：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀，构成另一个单词的方法叫派生法。
2．常用前缀(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有：dis，il，im，in，ir，mis，non，un等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的lead带领→mislead引入歧途stop停下→nonstop不停(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有：a(多构成表语形容词), anti(反对；抵抗), auto(自动), co(共同), en(使), inter(互相), re(再；又), sub(下面的；次；小), tele(强调距离)等。
alone单独的antigas防毒气的Internet互联网subway地铁telephone电话autochart自动图表enjoy使高兴reuse再使用，重复使用cooperate合作[即时演练3]根据汉语提示，运用所学前缀知识写出正确的单词①agree→disagree (不同意)②ability→inability (无能；无力)③understand→misunderstand (误解；误会)④profit→nonprofit (非营利的)⑤social→antisocial (反社会的)⑥depend→interdependent (相互依赖的)⑦set→reset (调整；重新设置)⑧danger→endanger (使遭危险)3．常用后缀(1)名词后缀[即时演练4] 用所给词的适当形式填空①The lady is one of the greatest novelists (novel) alive.②The governor (govern) was leaving a meeting with US officials when he was shot.③It’s difficult to tell the difference (different) between the two words.④She hoped that her son would become a musician (music)．⑤The teacher was pleased with her honesty (honest)．(2)形容词后缀leive有……作用的productive (生产的)，active (积极主动的)ly 像某种举止/性格/外貌般的friendly (友好的)，orderly (整齐的)ous充满……的dangerous (危险的)，famous (著名的)some引起/产生……的troublesome (令人烦恼的)，tiresome (令人讨厌的)[即时演练5] 写出下列单词的形容词形式①nature→natural ②fool→foolish③gold→golden④care→careful⑤excite→excited/exciting⑥enjoy→enjoyable(3)动词后缀en (使成为、变得), fy (使得、变成), is (z) e(成为、使)wide→widen加宽，beauty→beautify美化，real→realize意识到，organ→organize组织(4)副词后缀ly (以……方式), wards (向……方向)direct→directly直接地，on→onwards向前[即时演练6] 完成句子①He came up with a program to_beautify_the_nation’s_highways.他提出了一个美化国内公路的计划。
②The city is_widening the street.该城市正在拓宽这条街。
③We’ll organize_an_oral_English_contest.我们将筹划一次英语口语比赛。
④He drove_directly_to school.他开车直接去学校。
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空1．If they are_nursed (nurse) properly, the rare plants will flower in early spring.2．He fooled (fool) a lot of people into believing that he was an honest statesman.3．I’m tired out.I have been shopping (shop) all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything.4．In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks friendly_ (friend) to people greeting him.5．Cycling is highly beneficial (benefit) to people’s health and the environment.6．Lily seems to know a lot about Hong Kong, but actually (actual) she has never been there.7．Kate is a(n) gifted_(gift) singer.She won several awards at an early age.8．Today, fresh fruit from these trees is_shipped (ship) from one country to another.9．You are working too hard. You’d better keep a balance (balance) between work and relaxation.10．After school, the student didn’t head (head) straight home.Instead, he went into a net bar.Ⅱ.完成句子1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Moreover, by doing the parttime job I can get some precious experience so that I can better adapt_to_the_development_and_changes_of_society.此外，通过做兼职我能得到一些宝贵的经验，以便我能更好地适应社会的发展和变化。