2016年宁波大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷(总分：122.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Even though he was guilty, the______judge did not send him to prison.（分数：2.00）A.mercifulB.impartialC.conscientiousD.conspicuous2.The education______for the coming year is about $ 4 billion, which is much more than what people expected.（分数：2.00）A.allowanceB.reservationC.budgetD.finance3.They had fierce______as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.（分数：2.00）A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.context4.They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make______of them.（分数：2.00）A.impressionprehensionC.meaningD.sense5.The politician says he will______the welfare of the people.（分数：2.00）A.prey onB.take onC.get atD.see to6.If you______the bottle and cigarettes, you'll be much healthier.（分数：2.00）A.takeoffB.keep offC.get offD.set off7.He was______to steal the money when he saw it lying on the table.（分数：2.00）A.draggedB.temptedC.elicitedD.attracted8.Being somewhat short-sighted, she had the habit of______at people.（分数：2.00）A.glancingB.peeringC.gazingD.scanning9.Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the______majority are inactive.（分数：2.00）A.tremendousB.demandingC.intensiveD.overwhelming10.In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the______concern of state governments.（分数：2.00）A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive11.The food was rather______and needed gingering up.（分数：2.00）A.slipperyB.inscribeC.invisibleD.insipid12.I don't______expert knowledge of this subject.（分数：2.00）A.professB.confessC.confirmD.confront13.He had no______about his talents as a singer.（分数：2.00）A.illuminationsB.illustrationsC.allusionsD.illusions14.There is not much time left; so I'll tell you about it______.（分数：2.00）A.in detailB.in briefC.in shortD.in all15.In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully______.（分数：2.00）A.admittedB.acknowledgedC.absorbedD.considered16.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______a sudden loud noise.（分数：2.00）A.being thereB.should there beC.there wasD.there having been17.By the year 2050, scientists probably______a cure for cancer.（分数：2.00）A.will be discoveringB.are discoveringC.will have discoveredD.have discovered18.Jim isn't______, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.（分数：2.00）A.gloomyB.dullC.awkwardD.tedious19.The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents'______.（分数：2.00）mandB.convictionC.consentpromise20.He had______on the subject.（分数：2.00）A.a rather strong opinionB.rather strong opinionC.rather the strong opinionD.the rather strong opinion二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Moral responsibility is all very well, but what about military orders? Is it not the soldier's first duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors? And apart from duty, will not the soldier suffer severe punishment, even death, if he refuses to do what he is ordered to do? If, then, a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoot that prisoner, how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground that the burning or shooting was a violation of the laws of war? These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called "superior orders", and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, after the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground "that all he did was as a soldier, by the command of his superior officer whom he must obey or die," but the court gave him short shrift, saying that "when the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous." Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldier's duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey —and indeed must, under some circumstances —unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders will justify a subordinate's conduct only "if not to perform a prohibited act", and there are many other early decisions to the same effect. A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict of which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White House) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was badly split by that war too and, at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor.A pass-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicial figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked " would be illegal and void" , and, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder. In consequence, Bevans was convicted. The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; perhaps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the subordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity?（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from Para. 1 that if a soldier obeys his superior's order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, ______.（分数：2.00）A.he is right according to moral standardsB.he should not receive any punishmentC.he should certainly be liable for his actionD.he will be convicted according to the law of war(2).What was the rule implied by the trail of the commander of the guards?（分数：2.00）A.A soldier must obey lawful orders, be he right or wrong.B.Even if an order is unlawful, the soldier must still obey it.C.A soldier may or must disobey unlawful orders or he must die.D.It is the soldier's duty to obey superior orders whatever they are.(3).The phrase "to the same effect" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means "which" ______.（分数：2.00）A.are of the similar meaningB.have the same purposeC.must be put into effectD.lead to the same result(4).According to the fourth paragraph, Bevans was found guilty because he______.（分数：2.00）A.obey illegal ordersB.was accused of murderC.disobeyed the superior ordersD.offended against the law of war(5).It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the author's attitude towards Bevans was______.（分数：2.00）A.bewilderingB.indignantC.approvingD.not quite sympatheticAmericans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasiveanti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find. "Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society. " "Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots ofanti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain's HuckleberryFinn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —going to school and learning to read —so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."（分数：10.00）(1).What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：2.00）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2).We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of______.（分数：2.00）A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence(3).The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are______.（分数：2.00）A.identicalB.similarplementaryD.opposite(4).Emerson, according to the text, is probably______.（分数：2.00）A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling(5).What does the author think of intellect?（分数：2.00）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what's wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U. S. National Academy of Sciences listed "biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors" as all playing their parts. Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: " At this time, well over 1,000 studies...point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children. Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said) . When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when heweeded out "the most doubtful measures of aggression", only 28% supported a connection. The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read "aggressive" or"non-aggressive" words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction. Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.（分数：10.00）(1).Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?（分数：2.00）A.There is a lot of violence in the real world today.B.Something has gone wrong with today's society.C.Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.D.Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.(2).What is the skeptics' (Line 3, Paragraph 3) view of media violence?（分数：2.00）A.Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B.Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C.A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D.The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.(3).The author uses the term "alarmists" (Line 1, Paragraph 5) to refer to those who______.（分数：2.00）e standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB.initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC.assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviore appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior(4).In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging______.（分数：2.00）A.the source and amount of their dataB.the targets of their observationC.their system of measurementD.their definition of violence(5).What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?（分数：2.00）A.More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B.It should come to an end since the matter has now been settledC.The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.D.He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters. We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. I've twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids' college background as a prize demonstrating how well we've raised them. But we can't acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them: So we've contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn't matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worrythat there won't be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible —and mostly wrong. We haven't found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don't systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measures — professors' feedback and the number of essay exams — selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates' lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2% ～4% for every 100-point increase in a school's average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke. A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it's not the only indicator and, paradoxically, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college isn't life's only competition. In the next competition — the job market and graduate school — the results may change. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn't. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.（分数：10.00）(1).Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars?（分数：2.00）A.They have the final say in which university their children are to attend.B.They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.C.They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.D.They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.(2).Why do parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever?（分数：2.00）A.They want to increase their children's chances of entering a prestigious college.B.They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.C.Their children will have a wider choice of which college to go to.D.Elite universities now enroll fewer students than they used to.(3).What does the author mean by saying "Kids count more than their college" (Line 1, Paragraph4)?（分数：2.00）A.Continuing education is more important to a person's success.B.A person's happiness should be valued more than their education.C.Kids' actual abilities are more important than their college backgrounds.D.What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.(4).What does Krueger's study tell us?（分数：2.00）A.Getting into Ph. D. programs may be more competitive than getting into college.B.Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs.C.Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores.D.Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation.(5).One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that______.（分数：2.00）A.they earn less than their peers from other institutionsB.they turn out to be less competitive in the job marketC.they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduationD.they overemphasize their qualifications in job applications三、Writing(总题数：1，分数：2.00)21.Directions: Based on the information given below, please write an essay of about 600 words on the answer sheet. You have 60 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. If you could travel back in time or into the future, which would you choose and what exact period of time would you like to experience? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. Suggested title for the essay is: The Time Machine You may use your own title if you like.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 四、Cloze Text(总题数：1，分数：40.00)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 【C1】______ this is largely because,【C2】______animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are【C3】______ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 【C4】______the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 【C5】______, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 【C6】______ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of【C7】______human smells even when these are【C8】______ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,【C9】______others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate【C10】______smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send【C11】______ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell【C12】______can suddenly become sensitive to it when【C13】______ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 【C14】______to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can【C15】______new receptors if necessary. This may 【C16】______explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not【C17】______of the usual smell of our own house but we 【C18】______ new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors【C19】______for unfamiliar and emergency signals【C20】______the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.althoughB.asC.butD.while(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.aboveB.unlikeC.excludingD.besides(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.limitedmittedC.dedicatedD.confined(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.catchingB.ignoringC.missingD.tracking(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anywayC.insteadD.therefore(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.even ifB.if onlyC.only ifD.as if(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.distinguishingB.discoveringC.determiningD.detecting(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.dilutedB.dissolvedC.dispersedD.diffused(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.whenB.sinceC.forD.whereas(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.unusualB.particularC.uniqueD.typical(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.signsB.stimuliC.messagesD.impulses(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.at firstB.at allC.at largeD.at times(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.subjectedB.leftC.drawnD.exposed(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.ineffectiveB.incompetentC.inefficientD.insufficient(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）B.summonC.triggerD.create(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.stillB.alsoC.otherwiseD.nevertheless(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.sureB.sickC.awareD.tired(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.tolerateB.repelC.neglectD.notice(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.availableB.reliableC.identifiableD.suitable(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.similar toB.such asC.along withD.aside from。