学术讲座—学生版生物tpo24 lecture 1一、背景介绍：生物学讲座主要涉及到的小学科有conservation biology保护生物学，marine biology海洋生物学，zoology动物学和botany植物学。
主要话题有以下五个：动物行为研究；动物和环境之间的关系；动物交流方式；动物身体结构；动物保护。
二、分类表格：三、各分类常见逻辑结构：生物类考点分析分类部位及特征用途（植物）习性（动物）栖息地繁殖与其他生物的关系生存状况相关研究生物类常见逻辑结构在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。
四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例1. 开头原则：2. 问答原则3. 举例原则4. 强调原则（语义的强调）：5. 结尾原则五、本次课可能用到的笔记法1. 笔记热身1）中文简写2）符号2. TPO1 Conversation1 笔记六、词汇，短语及句式1）生物类场景常用的词汇2）本次课常用词汇3）本次课常用短语及句式：七、文章框架分析1. Crocodile: a predator that hasn't evolved much in the last seventy million years2. The functions of American alligators’ vocalization: ①To threaten other males ② To attract matesThe functions of baby crocodiles’vocalization: ①getting attention ②letting others know you are distressed：baby crocodiles。
The relationship of vocalization between crocodiles and mammals3. The functions of mother crocodiles’ vocalization: to ensure their babies follow her.八、听力文本Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.Professor: OK. For today, let's look at a reptile, a predator that hasn't evolved much in the last seventy million years. No discussion of reptiles would be complete without some mention of crocodiles.（教授开门见山提出讲座的主旨：a predator--crocodiles，其中today, let’s look at...就是主旨句的提示句型。
）Now, we tend to think of crocodiles as, uh, kind of solitary, hiding out in a swamp, uh, kind of mysterious creatures. But we are finding out that they aren't as isolated as they seem. In fact, crocodiles interact with each other in a variety of ways. One way is with vocalizations, you know, sounds generated by the animal.（一些常考的细节题提示词有now, but, in fact，这部分全都有，但是前边的now和but都是为了引出in fact，而且in fact 后面指出来了有多种交流方式，其中一种是：vocalization，那么要注意一下可能会有另外的交流方式出现。
但是事实上通过听全文没有提及其他的方式。
）This is true of the whole crocodile family, which includes crocodiles themselves, alligators, etc.Take American alligators.（这里take做的是介词，举例子的意思，注意听力中举例子处可能出一道细节题，也可能是个作者意图态度题：Why does the professor talk about the American alligators?---To show the function of vocalization.）If you were to go to a swamp during the breeding season, you'd hear a chorus of sounds, deep grunts, hisses, these are sounds that male alligators make. And some of them are powerful enough to make the water vibrate. This sends a strong, go-away message to the other males. So the alligator can focus on sending other sound waves through the water, sound waves that you and I couldn't even hear since they are at such low frequency. But they do reach the female alligator, who then goes to find and mate with the male.（这里这两处给出来了the function of vocalization，就是第7题的答案。
）Vocalization is um...well, it is used for other reasons, like gettingattention or just, um... letting others know you are distressed. （这里的other reasons提醒下文主要讲解vocalization的另外几个目的：1）getting attention 2）letting others know you are distressed。
综合上文可以出一个Except题：All of the followings are about the functions of crocodiles’ vocalization except---?----A to threaten other males B to attract their predators C to get attention D to let others know they are distressed答案是B）Let's see.（下文具体解释这两个功能，以new born crocodiles为例。
）New-born crocodiles, or hatchlings and their interactions with their mothers. When they are born, croc... baby crocodiles have a sort of muffled cry while they are in their nest. Hatchlings are really vulnerable, especially to birds and small mammals when they are born. But their mother, who has been keeping vigil nearby, hears their cry for help and carries them to safety, meaning, to water. So she takes them out of the nest. Uh, uh, all the eggs hatched at once, so she has about forty newborns to look after. Well, she takes about fifteen out of the nest at a time, carrying them in her mouth to the nearby water. While she is taking one load of hatchlings, the others wait for her to come back.But do you think they are quiet about it? No way. They are clamoring for the mother's attention, sort of squeaking and practically saying-don't forget about me!（这里的but是一个提示词，除此之外，教授在说这句话的时候语调比较重，可能出重听题，why does the professor say this?---To indicate that baby crocodiles make vocalization in order to attract their mother’s attention, and remind her not forgetting them.这里也是第8题的答案所在处。
）I heard some great examples of this on the television program on crocodiles last week. Anyone catched it? It had a few interesting bits. But you know, uh, you have to be careful, think critically. Sometimes I don't know where these shows find their experts.（教授先扬后抑，用到but肯定有蹊跷，这里是第9题答案所在处。