英语派生词归纳派生词（derivation ）❖ 加前缀：happy --- unhappy ❖ 加后缀：develop --- development ❖ 既加前缀又加后缀： employ ---unemployment常见的否定前缀unhappy, unnecessary, unexpected, unusual, ,加在形容词或副词前不，未（= not) un-mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding 误解加在名词、动词或及其派生词前表示错、误mis-discharge,排出 dismiss 解雇 加在名词或动词前表示分离剥夺除去dislike, disbelieve加在动词前表示相反dishonour,羞辱 加在名词或形容词前表示否定dis-相反动作incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, 加在形容词或其派生的名词或副词前不， 非， 无in- ，il-im-，ir-uncover, untie, unlock, undress 加在动词前例 词用 法意 义前 缀 anti -相反，相互加在名词、形容词、动词前antiwar 反战的antipathy 反感antithesis 对立；反论对立antibacterial 抗菌的antibody抗体antisocial反社会的de- 表示"去掉，变坏，离开，变慢，向下"等加在名词前deforest砍伐森林devalue降低价值decode破译detrain下火车degrade降级ill- 不加在名词、形容词前虐待ill-treat信息不足的ill-informed不礼貌的ill-mannerednon- 表示”不,非”加在名词、形容词、副词或作形容词的分词上nonexistent a.不存在的nonsmoking a.不准吸烟的nonstop a.直达的表示时间和其他关系的前缀superpower,超级大国，superstructure 上层建筑midday, midnight interchange, international 加在名词前(= above, over, upon)加在名词前(= middle)加在名词、形容词前构成动词(= between, among)表示：高级、在之上表示：中间表示:“互相”、“在一起”co-worker, coexist co-own, co-owner asleep, along, aloud, ,alive, across post-war, post-graduateprepay, prewar, preschool, prehistory foresee, foreleg, foretell 预言, foreknow 预卜renew,续借 reborn,rebuild, reappear, retell 例 词加在名词或动词前加在动词或名词前，构成派生形容词、副词或介词加在名词或形容词前(= after, behind)加在名词或形容词前(=before, in front, in advance)加在动词或名词前(= before)用于动词及派生名词名词、形容词及其它名词前(= again)用 法表示：联合、共同表示：在 之上， 向， 在里表示：时间和顺序的“在后边”表示：在前、事先、预先表示：时间或位置的“在前面”表示：再一次，重新意 义inter-a-fore-super-mid-co-post-pre-re-前 缀over -超过加在动词、名词、形容词前overstudy n.用功过度 overwork n.过度劳累 overact v.表演过火 overdose n.药物过量 overproduction n.生产过度overcrowded a.挤满的ex- 表示"前面的，前任的" 加在名词前ex-wife前妻ex-president前任总统ex- 表示"出，出去" exclude排外expel赶出，逐出expose暴露exalt使升高extract抽出，拔出excise切除exceed超过，超出exhale呼气mult i- 表示”很多,很多”multimedia a.多媒体的multiculturala.多种文化的multiform a.多种多样的tele –表示远的telephone,televisionmicr o- 表示“微，小”microscope显微镜microworld微观世界microwave微波microbiology微生物学microfilm微缩胶卷auto - 自动的automobile汽车autobiography自传vice- 表示“副”vice-president 副总统vice-manager 副经理mac ro- 表示“大，宏Ma macroscopic观)大”eco- 生态的生态学ecology生态系统ecosystem生态友好的eco-friendlySino - 中国的中日的Sino-Japanese中石化Sinopecsub- “潜，在下面，次一等，副手”潜意识（的）subconscious subtropics亚热带subtitle副标题bi- 表示两个,双边bi- bicolor ( 双色的), bicycletri- 三个三轮车tricycle三角形triangletran s- “变换，改变，转移”tranplant移植transaction交易；办理transcribe抄写，转录transfigure改观；变形transfuse输血；充满常见的后缀表示人和物的名词后缀washer,洗衣机 加在动词和名词或复合词上表示从事某工作的物-er engineer, volunteer mountaineer 用于外来词从事于...的人-eer-or-ist-ician -ess -or -er 表示物conductor,导体，artist, socialist communist physicist physician, politician musicianactress, waitress visitor, conductor educator, translator teacher, worker learner,例词加在动词上加在名词上，或 –ize 结尾的动词上，或以-al 结尾的其它词上加在以-ic 结尾的名词或形容词上加于名词后，表示阴性外来后缀，加在外来词上加在动词、名词、形容词上用 法表示从事某工作的物从事...职业的人，从事某种...文艺、学术的人，...主义者...(专)家，...工作者女...的与-er 同义从事…职业的人，做…的人，…地方的人意 义表示人后缀后缀-er 构词能力loudspeaker,表示“物”，加在复合词上fighter,战斗机printer,打印机印刷者 recorder, ruler既表示 “人”也表示“物”，加在动词上steamer ,蒸笼washer, 表示“物”，加在名词上washer, boiler, container, lighter ,打火机drawer,表示“物”，加在动词上housekeeper,管家, looker-on,旁观者 表示“人”，加在复合词上Londoner, New Yorker, villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner, outsider, stranger 表示“人”，加在某些地点名词或某些形容词例 词banker, , officer, lawyer, prisoner, geographer, joker,listener, adviser, speaker, writer, driver, teacher, worker, singer, leader, waiter, runner, discoverer, explorer, maker 表示“人”，加在名词上表示“人”，加在动词上用 法抽象名词和集合名词的后缀bravery, slavery, chemistry, surgery, machinery-erystrength, growth, length, wealth, truth-th childhood, brotherhood,兄弟情谊，-hood citizenship, friendship, professorship, hardship, comradeship -ship difficulty, discovery, bravery, machinery-y kingdom, wisdom, freedom-dom appearance, entrance,-ance communism, criticism, internationalism, socialism-ism argument, statement, achievement, amusement, equipment -ment majority, opportunity,-ity kindness, illness, brightness, selflessness, correctness-ness arrival, refusal, disapproval ,-al failure, temperature, pressure, pleasure, -ure marriage, luggage, postage 邮费 -age后缀为-ion 的名词add/addition, attend/attention, absorb/absorption, describe/ description, produce/production, reduce/reduction, solve/solution, determine/determination, explain/explanation, found/ foundation, observe/observation, transport/transportation有些动词不是加-ion,而是加-ition, -tion, -ation 或-sion 而变成名词，其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。
satisfy/satisfaction, modify/ modification,修改多数以-fy 结尾的动词先把y 改成i 再加-cation,少数以-efy 或-fy 结尾的动词先去掉y 再加-action.admit/admission, commit/commission,承诺permit/permission, transmit/transmission 转交以-mit 结尾的动词，先把t 变成-ss,再加-ion.decide/decision, divide/division, provide/provision, invade/ invasion, expand/expansion, extend/extension 多数以-de 结尾与少数以-d 结尾的动词先把-de 或-d 变成-s 再加-ion.discuss/discussion, oppress/oppression, express/expression, possess/possession多数以-ss 结尾的动词直接加-ion.act/action, invent/invention, inspect/inspection, elect/election, select/selection, connect/connection, collect/collection, instruct/instruction, devote/devotion, pollute/pollution多数以-t 结尾的动词直接在词尾加-ion,少数以-te 结尾的动词首先去掉e 再加-ion.educate/education, liberate/liberation, translate/translation,graduate/graduation, separate/separation, operate/operation 几乎所有以-ate 结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉e 再加-ion.例 词规 则形容词后缀yearly, daily, orderly, lively加在名词或形容词上有...性质的，...形状的-lyeastern, western, southern 加在表示方位的名词上...方的-ern wooden, earthen, woolen 加在物质名词上由...构(制)成的-en tired, interested, learned 博学cloudy, sunny, funny, sleepy dangerous, famous, nervous homeless, harmless, wireless thankful, powerful, tearful instructive ,教育性expensive feverish, childish, bookish 书呆子English, Spanishatomic 原子, electric,电动basic 基本的important, pleasant, excellentnatural, technical, actual valuable, horrible, 例 词加在名词或动词上加在名词上加在名词上加在名词或动词上加在名词或少数名词上加在动词上加在名词或形容词上用于民族国家地名之上加在外来词干的名词上加在外来动词词干上加在名词后加在名词或及物动词后用 法有...的， 有...特征的有/多... 的，想...的充满...的，有...特性的无/不...的，不能...的充满...的， 引起... 的有...倾向的/性质的稍带...的，... 气的，...民族的，... 语的...性质的，与...有关的...的有... 性质的可/能…的意 义-ed -y -ous -less -ful -ive -ish -ic, -ical-ant, -ent -al -able 后缀副词后缀表示方向表示次序表示时间表示程度或范围表示某个方面表示某种状态forward, backward, upward,downward, toward, northward, afterward加在名词或副词后，表示“向......的”-ward -wards eastwardly, northwardly firstly, secondly recently, completely economically, technicallycheerfully, slightly, simply,possibly, excitedly 例词加在形容词之后用法及意义-ly后缀动词后缀modernize, democratize 民主化revolutionize, realize, sympathizefinish, accomplish, punish, publish, astonishbeautify, uglify, satisfy, terrify, electrify, purify darken, weaken, deepen, sharpen, frighten, strengtheneducate, translate, imitate, calculate, operate, hesitate, 例 词加在名词或形容词上，构成及物动词或少数不及物动词大多是从法语输入的词， 不能构成新词加在名词或形容词上，构成及物动词和少数不及物动词加在形容词上，有时加在名词上，通常构成及物动词见于外来词，由外来词根组成，不能活用用 法表示： 使成，变成，...化表示： 使...,令...表示：使成为，使...化表示： 变为，使为，变为有，使有表示：使成为，成为...， 处理， 使化合意 义-ize -ize-ish-fy-en-ate动 词后缀。