第14章黑人文学14.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Literary Development(1) Oral traditions(2) Literature in written form(3) Harlem RenaissanceⅡ. Langston Hughes (1902-1967)1. Life2. Literary AchievementsⅢ. Richard Wright (1905-1960)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. James Baldwin (1924-1987)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Ralph Ellison (1914-1994)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. Toni Morrison (1931-2019)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundBlacks have made significant contributions to all aspects of American life, especially during and after World War Ⅱ, and black writers have produced literature of impressive scope and quality.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景黑人在美国生活的方方面面做出了巨大贡献，尤其是在二战期间和二战之后。

黑人作家创作了兼具深度和广度的令人印象深刻的文学作品。

2. Literary Development(1) Oral traditions①The earliest black literature was oral in the form of songs, ballads, and spirituals.②With freedom after the Civil War came the blues.③After World War I came jazz.2. 文学发展(1) 口头文学传统①黑人文学最早是口头的，以歌曲、民谣和圣歌的形式呈现。

②内战结束后，自由之风带来了布鲁斯。

③一战结束后出现爵士乐。

(2) Literature in written formA. PoetryBlack poetry had its beginnings in the late 18th century. The first half of the 19th century saw more poems written by slave poets such as George Moses Horton. B. Slave narrativeIn 1760 a black slave Briton Hammon wrote his autobiography. The abolitionist movement and the Civil War encouraged black writers to express themselves explicitly in literary works. Hence slave narratives came in large numbers. They frequently provide vivid accounts of human sufferings and hardship as they were autobiographical records of the slaves’ miserable experiences.C. FictionWilliam Wells Brown (1816-1884), an escaped slave, published the first Afro-American novel entitled Clotel; or The President’s Daughter in 1853. Charles W. Chestnutt (1858-1932) began publishing the novels which established him as an important literary figure. He was the first black novelist to find a regular white audience in America.(2) 书面形式文学A. 诗歌黑人诗歌在18世纪晚期开始出现。

19世纪上半期出现了像乔治·摩西·霍顿这样的奴隶诗人开始写诗。

B. 奴隶叙事文学1760年黑奴哈蒙写了他的自传。

废奴主义运动和内战激励了黑人作家在文学作品中明确的表达自己的思想。

因此，奴隶叙事文学开始涌现。

他们经常生动地描写人类的痛苦与苦难，因为他们写的大都是关于奴隶悲惨经历的自传。

C. 小说威廉·韦尔斯·布朗(1816-1884)是一位逃跑的奴隶，1853年出版了第一部非洲美国小说《克洛托尔；或总统之女》。

之后查尔斯·W·切斯纳特(1858-1932)开始出版小说，并成为一位重要的文学人物。

他是将黑人小说带给美国白人读者的第一人。

(3) Harlem RenaissanceHarlem area was originally a Dutch district in New York City. During the 1920s, whites left Harlem and blacks moved in and Harlem became their cultural capital. By 1925, Hughes, together with other black writers, had formed a group in Harlem for the purpose of exchanging ideas, and eventually sharing large popularity for their work. They break from their literary heritage and to initiate a new trend in black literature. One of the most noticeable elements of Harlem Renaissance writing is its use of dialect and folklore and its identification with the spirit of jazz.(3) 哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆最开始是纽约市的荷兰区。

20世纪20年代期间，白人离开了，大批黑人搬进来，哈莱姆成了黑人的文化首都。

1925年，休斯和其他几位黑人作家在哈莱姆成立了一个团体以便交流思想，最终他们的作品受到了极大地欢迎。

他们打破文学传统，倡导黑人文学的新形式。

哈莱姆文艺复兴最显著的特点之一就是使用方言、民间传说和对爵士精神的认同。

Ⅱ. Langston Hughes (1902-1967)1. LifeHughes was born in Missouri. In 1921he entered Columbia University but dropped out next year. In 1923, he traveled to Africa. In 1930 he published his first novel Not Without Laughter. He won Harmon Award for literature in 1931 and then traveled in the South and Haiti. In 1935 he became one of the key speakers at the American Writers’ Conference. He has won many awards and honors for his writings which have been translated into more than 25 languages.2. Literary AchievementsMajor works include:The Weary BluesThe Ways of White FolksSimple Speaks His MindMontage of a Dream DeferredThe Best of SimpleSimple’s Uncle Sam“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”“As I Grew Older”“Dream Variation”Ⅱ. 兰斯顿·休斯(1902-1967)1. 生平休斯出生在密苏里州。

1921年进入哥伦比亚大学但次年便退学。

1923年他去非洲旅行。

1930年出版了他的第一部小说《不是没有笑的》。

1931年荣获哈蒙金质文学奖，之后到南部和海地游历。

1935年，休斯成为美国作家大会的关键发言人之一。

他的作品为他赢得了许多奖项和荣誉，被翻译成25多种语言。

2. 文学成就主要作品包括：《疲惫的布鲁斯》《白人的行径》《辛普尔倾诉衷情》《缓梦蒙太奇》《辛普尔集锦》《辛普尔的山姆叔叔》《黑人谈河》《当我长大》《梦的变奏》Ⅲ. Richard Wright (1905-1960)1. Life。