第5章现实主义
5.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
2. Major Features
Ⅱ. William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
1. Life
2. Literary Achievements
Ⅲ. O. Henry (1862-1910)
1. Life
2. Literary Achievements
Ⅳ. Henry James (1843-1916)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Major Subjects
4. Theory of Fiction
Ⅴ. Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
The battl e between “idealists” and “realists” provided the major issue of American literary history after the Civil War. Literature began to pay less attention to general ideas and more to the immediate facts of life.
Ⅰ. 概述
1. 背景
“理想主义者”和“现实主义者”之间的争论是内战之后美国文学史上的主要事件。

文学开始更多地注意生活的方方面面，而不是总体思想。

2. Major Features
(1) Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life
and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward manner.
(2) Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people.
2. 主要特征
(1) 现实主义用一种直接的方式表现当代生活和日常场景的熟悉方面。

(2) 现实主义强调平民的日常生活。

Ⅱ. William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
1. Life
Howells insisted that realism directly confront the moral and material problems of society. His career illustrates all the phases in the growth of realism in America. 2. Literary Achievements
Howells was a very productive writer. His works included A Modern Instance (1882), A Woman’s Reason (1883), The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885), etc.
Ⅱ. 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯(1837-1920)
1. 生平
豪威尔斯强调现实主义直接面对社会的道德和物质问题。

他的文学事业证明了美国现实主义发展的所有阶段。

2. 文学成就
豪威尔斯是个多产的作家。

作品包括《现代婚姻》(1882)，《一个女人的理智》(1883)和《赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》(1885)。

Ⅲ. O. Henry (1862-1910)
1. Life
O. Henry was one of the most prolific modern American short story writers.
2. Literary Achievements
O. Henry has been popular mainly for his short stories. The most famous works were The Cop and the Anthem, Cabbages and Kings and The Gift of The Magi, etc. Ⅲ. 欧·亨利(1862-1910)
1. 生平
欧·亨利是美国短篇小说家最多产的作家之一。

2. 文学成就
欧·亨利以他的短篇小说最为著名。

最著名的作品有《警察与赞美诗》《卷心菜与国王》和《麦琪的礼物》等等。

Ⅳ. Henry James (1843-1916)
1. Life
James lived and worked alone. He dedicated his whole life to observing and recording society.
Ⅳ. 亨利·詹姆斯(1843-1916)
1. 生平
詹姆斯独自生活和工作。

他的一生致力于观察和记录社会。

2. Literary Career
(1) First stage: Henry James developed the international novel such as The American and The Portrait of a Lady.
(2) Second stage: He experimented with various subjects and forms such as The Beast in the Jungle.
(3) Third stage: He returned to international themes and produced complex and
profound novels such as The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.
2. 文学生涯
(1) 第一阶段：亨利·詹姆斯发展了国际小说，例如《美国人》和《一位女士的画像》。

(2) 第二阶段：他尝试了各种各样的主题和形式，比如《林中野兽》。

(3) 第三阶段：他回到了国际主题，创造了复杂而又有深度的小说，比如《鸽之翼》《大使》和《金碗》。

3. Major Subjects
James stressed three subjects: children, new woman and artist.
3. 主题
詹姆斯强调三个主题：孩子，新女性和艺术家。

4. Theory of Fiction
(1) The novelist must be faithful to life as it actually appears.
(2) There must be freedom for the artist to choose what subject he will deal with.
(3) He used psychological realism and ambiguity.
4. 小说理论
(1) 小说家必须要忠于生活，作品要还原生活。

(2) 艺术家必须有选择适合他创作主题的自由。

(3) 詹姆斯采用心理现实主义和不确定性。

Ⅴ. Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
1. Life
People were in the greedy pursuit of money and Anderson foresaw the consequent impoverishment of spirit and estrangement of the individual.
Ⅴ. 舍伍德·安德森(1876-1941)
1. 生平
人们都在贪婪地追求金钱，安德森预见了随之发生的精神贫瘠和人与人的疏远。

2. Literary Career
①In 1919 Anderson published Winesburg, Ohio,which won him a foremost position in contemporary American literature.
②Sherwood Anderson is also regarded as one of the finest “psychological” fiction writers in America.
2. 文学生涯
①1919年，安德森发表了《小城畸人故事集》，使安德森赢得了当代美国文学史上的重要地位。

②舍伍德·安德森被称为美国最优秀的心理小说家之一。

5.2 考研真题与典型题详解
Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. The American novelist _____ probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.[人大2006研]
【答案】Henry James
【解析】美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的作品善于挖掘人物心理。