外文资料翻译译文浅谈基于现代工业设计理念的机床设计摘要由于国内、外机械行业的激烈竞争,对机床设计提出了更高的要求。
现代工业设计理念的引入,对提高机床设计和加强企业的竞争性起着重要的作用。
本文以数控机床为例,分析了该产品设计的现状,用现代工业设计理念来诠释机床设计。
在产品绿色设计、人性化设计、语意设计和品牌建设方面做了重点分析和论证。
关键词:现代工业设计理念; 产品设计; 数控机床1.机床设计的现状,以数控机床为例随着电子信息技术的发展,世界机床业已进入了以数字化制造技术为核心的机电一体化时代,其中数控机床就是代表产品之一。
数控机床是制造业的加工母机和国民经济的重要基础。
它为国民经济各个部门提供装备和手段,具有无限放大的经济与社会效应。
目前,欧、美、日等工业化国家已先后完成了数控机床产业化进程,而中国从20世纪80年代开始起步,仍处于发展阶段。
1.1 对工业设计的重要性认识不足工业设计是工业革命的产物,是科学技术和文化艺术多学科交叉的新兴学科,其核心任务是产品造型设计。
对工业设计的重要性认识的不足,最直接的反映就是产品造型粗放,缺少设计感;色彩单调,缺乏时代性;使用界面混乱,缺乏人文关怀。
中国的机床设计在生产和制造上完全不输给国外的企业,缺少的就是工业设计的意识。
就市场而言,在功能、性能、质量、技术水平差不多的情况下,产品的造型,色彩,使用的界面的人性化设计就显得越来越重要,甚至直接决定产品的销售量。
英国工业设计委员会1998-1999年度对英国企业的工业设计投入与市场收益作比较,该年度采用工业设计的企业,销售额平均增长43%;而未采用工业设计的企业,销售额平均仅增长15%,企业对设计的前期投资,平均在15个月内即口收回,有90%的(工业设计)项目都获得了商业上的成功。
这表明:设计对于企业的意义不只是产品表面上的好看,好用,而是实实在在的商业利益。
1.2 数控机床的工业设计缺少品牌意识缺少品牌的意识,基本上是所有行业的通病,尤其是中小企业,由于大环境的原因,中小企业在品牌化的过程中存在着很多客观的原因,但不管情况怎么样,品牌化是一个必经之路。
1992 年,邓小平在南巡讲话中鼓励中国企业:“我们应该有自己的拳头产品,拥有中国自己的品牌;否则就要受人欺负”。
数控机床生产企业也是一样,多数的企业还是缺乏这方面的意识。
具体表现在:1.2.1 产品的工业设计缺乏企业策略性的考量重视工业设计的多数企业把产品的工业设计只局限在单纯的造型设计上,而不是把设计纳入“设计-开发-生产制造、宣传销售-售后服务”这样一个系统当中。
1.2.2系列产品造型设计缺乏品牌连贯性系列产品造型的品牌连贯性体现在两个方面:一个是指系列内产品。
另一个指的是系列间的产品。
他们构成系列间产品。
品牌的连贯性要求在对产品进行造型设计时既要有共同的识别特征,同时,每个产品之间造型上又要有所差别。
即要做到“和而不同”。
2现代工业设计理念的引入与应用2.1 现代设计理念的引入现代设计理念主要指绿色设计、人性化设计、产品语意的设计和产品的系统设计等。
在设计上,这些主要设计理念与之相对应分别体现在:在环境方面,要体现对环境的关注;在人使用方面,要体现对人的关怀;在产品语意方面,要体现当地的文化特色;在品牌经营层面,要关注产品内在的品质,使得设计成为品牌营销的有效手段。
2.2 现代设计理念的应用现代设计理念在机床产品设计中的运用主要有以下几个方面.2.2.1 绿色设计绿色设计源于人们对现代技术文化所引起的环境及生态的破坏的反思。
对于工业设计来说,3R原则是绿色设计的核心。
所谓的3R是指:Reduce、Recycle和Reuse。
绿色设计要求考虑产品在生命周期内的每一个环节:从产品的创意构思到制造、运输,从产品被消费者使用到最后产品的回收。
确保每一个环节对环境的影响最小。
对于机床产品来说,绿色设计最主要最常见的体现在一下两个方面:1)可拆卸性设计可拆卸性设计是一种使产品容易拆卸并能从材料回收和零件重新使用中获得最高利润的设计方法,是绿色产品设计的主要内容之一。
例如,在机床设计中可以用螺纹联接来代替焊接和铆接等。
螺纹联接不仅易于拆装而且联结可靠,即具有重复使用的特点。
为了减少零件数量,还可使用螺钉集成结构来代替普通螺钉和垫片、防松垫圈等。
可拆卸性设计原则:一是减少拆卸的工作量;二是易于拆卸、分离;三是多用标准件。
2)可回收性设计可回收性设计也是绿色设计的主要内容之一,就是在产品设计初期时考虑其零件回收及再利用的可能性,即在其它新产品中可以利用使用过的或废弃产品中的零部件及材料。
2.2.2 以人为本,注重人性化设计人性化设计,就是要设计以人为本。
他是针对功能主义设计思想的缺陷,提出设计不应该以机器的功能为出发点,而应该把人作为设计的出发点。
以人对产品的使用为基础,使机器能够很好的为人服务。
随着技术的发展,社会的进步,人们对产品的人性化要求也越来越高,尤其是一些关乎人们使用安全的设计—诸如机床产品的设计—在这个方面的要求更高。
以人为本,注重人性化有两个概念:一是符合人的尺度;二是要有很好的操作界面。
符合人的尺度,要求在农机产品设计过程当中,可以运用人机工程学的所提供的数据,对操作的空间大小,操作台面的高低等等进行综合考量。
比如设计数控机床的操作空间时,就要根据人在操作时动态关系来确定空间的大小合理与否。
第二,良好的操作界面,可以使操作起来更加的方便、快捷、安全可靠。
2.2.3 要兼顾文化特色产品语意学告诉我们,产品不仅仅有他的物质功能之外,还体现了一定的文化特征。
机床的造型设计犹如给新娘做嫁衣,新娘的嫁衣不仅可以使新娘子漂亮起来,而且最能体现民族特征和深厚的文化内涵。
在追求机床的科学价值的同时追求艺术和文化价值,甚至将民族的个性特征融入其中。
机床造型体现一个国家、一个行业的形象和设计水平。
机床造型风格的形成受两方面因素的影响。
一是与当时的科技水平有关,二是离不开当时的时尚风格。
要想实现其科学价值与艺术文化价值的融合,文化元素的如何应用显得尤为重要。
2.2.4 产品造型的品牌特性的维持产品系统设计理论告诉我们,设计不再是一个单纯的造型活动,而应该把设计纳入到生产制造、宣传、使用到最后产品废弃回收这一大的循环过程当中,是品牌经营的一个手段。
很多企业忽视了这一点。
比如,很多市场上的农机产品,如果撕去上面的标签,你无法确定它是哪个厂商生产的,造型上缺少品牌的独特性,因此,在产品造型设计时要注意的问题是:产品的造型能否体现品牌的特性。
要体现品牌的特性要注意两点:一点是要注重产品整体要素的统一。
即是要求农机产品在形态、色彩、材料、细节方面的选择要有利于企业形象的识别;第二点是系列产品品牌形象要保持统一。
此外,这还是个长期的工程,需要我们持之以恒的努力.3 结束语过去的30年机床设计的发展取了一定的成绩,值得肯定。
自从加入WTO以后,中国的农机企业将面临多方的压力,其中最主要的压力是来自国外的企业。
新的环境,需要新的设计理念。
著名科学家杨振宁指出:“21世纪将是工业设计的世纪,一个不重视工业设计的国家将是落伍者”。
对于国家而言是这样,对于机床设计工业而言也是同样的道理。
参考文献[1] 吴琼.工业设计——提升中国制造业价值的重要途径[J]. 农业机械,2008,(1):60-61[2] 何人可. 工业设计史[M]. 北京:理工大学出版社,2000.[3] 丁玉兰. 人机工程学[M]. 北京:理工大学出版社,1991.[4] 胡飞. 设计符号与产品语意[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991.[5] 张同. 产品系统设计[M]. 上海:上海人民美术出版社,2004.[6] 张凌浩、刘钢. 产品形象的视觉设计[M]. 南京:东南大学出版社,2005.[7]吴限、刘子健.论文化元素在产品设计中的运用[J].前言探索,2008外文原文Based on the concept of modern industrial design of themachine tool designABSTRACTAs domestic and foreign machinery industry, intense competition, a higher machine tool design requirements. The introduction of modern industrial design, to improve machine design and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises play an important role. In this paper, numerical control machine tools cases, analysis of the status of the product design, Industrial Design with a modern design to interpretation of machine design. in green design, human design, design and brand building semantic done a focus on analysis and argument.Keywords:modern industrial design; product design; CNC machine tools1. The status of machine tool design, CNC machine tools as anexample toWith the Development of electronic information technology, the world has entered the machine to digital manufacturing Technology as the core of the mechanical and electrical integration time, which is representative of one of the products of CNC machine tools. CNC machine tool manufacturing process is an important basis for the master and the national economy. It all sectors of the national economy to provide equipment and tools, with unlimited Economic and social effects of Zoom. At present, Europe, America, Japan and other industrialized countries have completed the process of CNC machine tool industry, and China 80 years from the 20th century started, is still stage of development.1.1 understand the importance of Industrial DesignIndustrial design is a product of the industrial revolution, science and technology, Culture and arts of the emerging interdisciplinary discipline, the core task of product design. Understand the importance of industrial design deficiencies, the most direct form is the product of extensive reflection, the lack of design sense; Color monotone, the lack of the times; use interface confusion and lack of humane care. China's machine tool design and manufacturing in the production is completely lost to foreign enterprises do not lack is the awareness of industrial design. on the market, in features, performance, quality and technical level is almost the case, theproduct shape, color, use the human interface design becomes more and more important, or even directly to the product sales. British Industrial Design Council of British companies 1998-1999 investment in industrial design market returns compared with the year of the industrial design business, with sales up 43% on average; without use of industrial design business, sales increased an average of only 15%, business investment in the early stage of the design, average the Population within 15 months to recover, 90% of the (industrial design) project was a commercial success. This shows that: the significance of design for business are not just a superficial good-looking, easy to use, but a real commercial interests.1.2 The lack of industrial design, CNC machine brand awarenessLack of brand awareness, a common problem is basically all industries, especially SMEs, due to large environmental reasons, SMEs in the process of branding there are many objective reasons, but no matter how kind of situation, the brand is a must In 1992 after the road, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in his speech to encourage Chinese enterprises: "We should have our own high-quality products, with China's own brand; Otherwise, they will be bullied." CNC machine tool manufacturers, too, the majority of enterprises or lack of awareness. in particular in:1.2.1 lack of corporate strategic industrial design considerationsAttention to the majority of enterprises to industrial design products, industrial design is only limited to the simple design, rather than the design into the "design - Development - manufacturing, sales promotion - after-sales service" which such a system.1.2.2 lack of product design brand consistencyProducts shape the brand consistency is reflected in two aspects: one is the series products. Another refers to the series between the products. They constitute a series of intermediate products. Brand consistency required when the product design should not only Identification of common characteristics, while each product but also some differences between the modeling. that is, to do "and different."2.the introduction of modern industrial design and Application of2.1 The introduction of modern designMainly refers to the modern design concept of green design, human design, product semantics of system design and product design. In the design, these corresponding to the main design concepts are embodied in: the environment, should reflect concern for the environment; in human use, should reflect on the person's care; in product semantics, we must reflect the cultural heritage; in brand management level, to pay attention to the inherent quality products, making the design as an effective means of brand marketing. Links to free papers Download Center 3.2 Application of modern designModern design concept in the Design of machine tools are the following aspects.2.2.1 green designModern green design, Technology and Culture from the people caused by environmental and ecological damage reflection. For industrial designs, 3R principle is the core of green design. The so-called 3R is: Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. Green design into account product life cycle in every aspect: from creative concept to product manufacturing, transportation, from the products used by consumers to the final product recall. to ensure that every aspect of minimal impact on the environment.For the machine tool products, green design is reflected in most of the most common about two aspects:1) design for disassemblyDesign for disassembly is the product easy to disassemble and recycle materials and components from the re-use design for maximum profit, is the green one of the main elements of product design. For example, the design of the machine can be used instead of screw connection such as welding and riveting. thread connection is not only easy installation and reliable connection, that with repeated use features. In order to reduce the number of parts, but also an integrated structure with screws instead of regular screws and washers, lock washers and so on. disassembly design principles: one is to reduce the workload of demolition; the second is easy to remove, separate; third is multi-standard parts.2) Design for recyclingDesign for recycling is also one of the main elements of green design is to be considered early in product design, recycling and reuse of its components the possibility that other new products can take advantage of used or waste product components and materials .2.2.2 People-oriented, pay attention to human designHuman design, is to design the people. He is against the functionalist design defects, proposed design should not be the machine's capabilities as a starting point, but rather to people as a design starting point. To the people on the use of the product based on the machine services can be a good man. With technologicaldevelopment, social progress, the product of human nature that people are increasingly high requirements, especially those relating to the safety of people using the design - such as the design of machine tools - in this area more demanding.People-oriented, focusing on human nature there are two concepts: First, consistent with human scale; the second is to have a good interface. Meet the human scale, requiring agricultural product design process, can be used provided ergonomics data, the operator of the space, the operating table and so the level of comprehensive consideration. such as the operation of CNC machine tool design space, it is necessary under the dynamic relationship between people in the operation to determine the size of the space is reasonable or not. Second, good interface, can be more convenient to operate, fast, safe and reliable.2.2.3 To take into account the cultural characteristicsProduct Semantics tells us, the product not only has his physical features, but also reflects a certain cultural characteristics. Machine design is like to do the wedding dress the bride, the bride's wedding dress up not only the beautiful bride, and the most to reflect the national characteristics and rich cultural connotations. in the pursuit of scientific value of the machine, while the pursuit of artistic and cultural value, and even personality traits into one of the nation. Machine Tools A nation, an industry's image and design level. Machine Tools formed by the two style factors. First, the level of Technology and then the second is inseparable from the then fashionable style. in order to achieve their scientific value, the integration of Art and cultural values, cultural elements of how to use it is particularly important .2.2.4 Product Modeling maintain brand identityProduct design theory tells us that design is no longer a simple modeling activities, but should be incorporated into the design to manufacturing, promotion, use the final product of this great cycle of waste recovery process is a means of brand management. Many companies ignore this. For example, many agricultural products on the market, if torn off the label, you can not determine which manufacturers it is, modeling the lack of uniqueness of the brand, so when the product design should be noted The question is: Can the product reflects the brand's characteristic shape. To embody the characteristics of the brand to note two points: that is to focus on elements of the unity of the whole product. that is required in the form of agricultural products, colors, materials, details of the select favorable corporate image recognition; second in a series of unified brand image to maintain. In addition, this is a long-term project, we need sustained efforts.3.ConclusionOver the past 30 years, the Development of machine tool design to take a certain amount of achievements worthy of recognition. Since joining the WTO, China's agricultural enterprises will face multiple pressures, the pressure is the most important companies from abroad. A new environment, new design. famous scientist Yang said: "21st century will be the century of industrial design, industrial design, an emphasis on the countries will be the laggards." this is for countries, for the machine design Industry and is also the same reason.References[1] Wu Qiong. Industrial Design - enhance the value of China's manufacturing Industry an important way [J]. Agricultural machinery, 2008, (1) :60-61[2] who can. The history of industrial design [M]. Beijing: University Press, 2000.[3] Ding Yulan. Human Engineering [M]. Beijing: University Press, 1991.[4] Hu Fei. Design symbols and product semantics [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1991.[5] Zhang same. Product design [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 2004.[6] Zhang Linghao, Liu Gang. Product image of the visual design [M]. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2005.[7] NG limit, Liu Zijian. On the cultural elements used in product design [J]. Introduction to explore, 2008。