第十章法律翻译中被动句式的翻译(课堂讲练)本章教学目标:掌握法律英语翻译中有关被动句翻译的若干基本方法。
课堂讲练:1、概述在法律英语句式中,被动语态(PASSIVE VOICE)使用频率很高。
通常在以下情况中,法律英语会使用被动语态:例1、(1)、The Conformity Certificate of the Goods to be delivered shall be delivered directly to Party A by Party C on the Delivery Day of such Goods.参考译文:拟交付货物的产品合格证应由丙方在该批货物交货日直接交给甲方(或:丙方应在交货日将拟交货物的产品合格证直接交给甲方)。
(2)、When the Goods to be pledged under this Agreement have been delivered to the Dealer acting on behalf of the Pledgee, the Pledgor shall submit to the Dealer a Delivery Note.参考译文:依照本协议应质押的货物交付给代表质押权人的经销商后,质押人应向经销商提交一份交货单。
(3)、Unless otherwise specified in writing herein, all Confidential Information must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed on the expiration of the period of the receiving Party’s using such Confidential Information.参考译文:除非本协议另有书面规定,所有机密信息在接收方使用期限届满时必须退还给披露方或者销毁。
(4)、如果在合同任何一方向对方发出就因本合同引起的或与之有关的任何争议进行协商的书面请求后15天内,争议仍未得到解决,则任何一方可以将该争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。
参考译文:Where the disputes arising out of or in relation to this Contract can not be resolved within fifteen (15) days after any Party hereto requesting in writing the other Party to commencing a consultation on said disputes, either Party may submit it to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration(CIETAC).(5)、对于任何因违约而给对合同任何一方造成的损失,违约方必须做出金钱赔偿。
参考译文:Any losses suffered by any Party hereto arising from any breach shall be indemnified by the Party in breach.小结:从上述例句的翻译中可以看出,法律英语使用被动语态,通常是因为(1)、强调动作对象(即受动者),比如例句(1)、(2),此时,往往施动者没有必要说出或不愿说出;或者(2)、施动者本身无法确定,如(3)、(4);或者两种情形兼而有之,如(5)。
在汉译时,由于汉语被动语态的使用频率较英语为少,所以,不必受英语句式限制,将所有被动句都翻译成汉语被动句,译文应以既忠实于原文意义,又符合汉语表达习惯为要旨。
2、英语被动语态基本翻译技巧1)、译成被动句如需要强调源语中被动语态的受动对象,一般译成汉语被动句。
不过,可以使用”予以、由、受、受到、得以、得到、经“等词汇替代”被“,以表达被动含义。
例2、(1)、If any of the provisions of this Contract is held invalid or unenforceable and unless the invalidity or unenforceability materially violates the fundamental intent and sense of other parts of this Contract, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any other provisions hereof.参考译文:如果本合同任何条款被认定为无效或不可执行,除非此无效或不可执行性实质性地违反本合同根本意图或其其他部分意义,则不得影响本合同其他条款的有效性或可执行性。
(2)、Any amendments modifying or extending the Contract shall be binding upon both Parties only if in writing and countersigned by a duly authorized representative of each Party.参考译文:任何对合同做出的变更或扩充,只有采用书面形式并由双方正式授权代表签字,方能对双方产生效力(产生约束力)。
(3)、Where any provisions of any applicable law of PRC may be waived, they are hereby waived by the Parties hereto within the scope permitted by such law to the extent that this Contract shall be valid and enforceable.参考译文:如果任何适用的中国法律的任何规定可以免予执行,则本合同双方在该法律允许的范围内不执行此规定,以使本合同得以有效并可以执行。
(4)、It is mutually understood that this is a contract of which the entry, effects, performance and solution of disputes are all governed by the laws of PRC.参考译文:本合同的订立、效力、履行和争议的解决均受中国法律的管辖。
(5)、Liability for any losses caused by any breach shall not be waived in the event that the non-breaching Party rescinds this Contract according to Art.9.参考译文:如非违约方解除合同,因违约造成损失的赔偿责任仍不得免除。
2)、直接译成主动句如果不需要强调源语中被动语态的受动对象,将以被动语态形式出现的法律英语句子直接翻译成汉语的主动句,通常更加符合汉语的表达习惯。
一般通过两种方法翻译,最常见的是将源语中“BY “之后的施动者变成目的语中的主语,另一种则是直接略去”被、由、受到“等表示被动意义词汇不译,译成后的汉语句子尽管实质上仍为被动句,但具有主动句的形式。
例3、(1)、Confidential Information must be kept by the receiving Party in a secure place with access only to both Parties ‘ employees or agents.参考译文:机密信息的接受方必须将其存放在安全地方,仅限合同双方雇员、代理人知晓。
(2)、This Contract shall be signed in four (4) counterparts and all such counterparts shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument.参考译文:本合同签署本一式四份,视为共同构成同一份文件。
(3)、如果一方因不可抗力而无法履行其合同义务,该义务的履行时间应延长,延长的时间应当与该不可抗力事件导致的延误时间相等。
参考译文:Where one Party is prevented from performing any of its contractual obligations due to an event of force majeure , the time for performing such obligations shall be extended by a period equal to the period of delay caused by such event of force majeure.(4)、三名仲裁员应在收到中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁员名册后30天内,按照其仲裁规则规定的程序选定。
参考译文:The three arbitrators shall be selected within thirty (30) days after receiving the arbitrators list delivered by CIETAC pursuant to procedures prescribed by CIETAC’s arbitration rules.(5)、All proceeds of realization of the security right hereby shall be applied in payment of all costs, charges, expenses incurred by the Pledgee in respect of the exercise of any rights hereunder or in preserving the validity of the Pledge.参考译文:所有因担保权利实现获得的收入应用于支付质押人为实施本合同权利或保持质押有效性而承担的所有费用、收费和开支。
(6)、由于一方违约,使本合同不能履行或不能完全履行时,违约一方应承担违约责任;如属于双方违约,则根据实际情况,由双方分别承担各自的违约责任。