长难句分析在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。
长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。
长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。
理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。
1、四级难点2、攻克长难句对于四级的意义3、如何攻克一、理解长难句两个关键性问题、三个要素（一）两个关键问题1、理解不到位A．简单句Over the years, tools and technology themselves has been largely ignored by people. B．复合句The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.2、表达不通顺A．主线结构顺线走a.主语从句例1、What he told me was only half-truth.例2、How he is going to do it is a secret.b．宾语从句例1、Can you hear what I say?例2、He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.C．表语从句例：One difficulty is that we don’t have money.B．定语状语往前勾a．定语例1、the course of reasoning which led him to his decision例2、things which easily escape attentionb．状语例1、Let’s take a walk in the Garden at 5 o’clock.例2、前因后果多主动例1、We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent. (先因后果)C．名词从句依序翻（二）三个要素1、词汇A．专有名词a．人名、地名、国家名、组织机构名Galileo（家里裂）Darwin Clinton Bush Pentagon b．专业术语疯牛病禽流感B．代词a．句内指代1．that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener.No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2．one的指代作用one指代单数可数名词，复数为ones。
A good writer is who can express the commonplace_____ in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this3．do的替代作用。
do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.C．动词习惯用法Time was when /好久不见/人山人海D．多义词schoolE．熟词生意It invite you to thinkF生词a.分析词根词缀multimedia/methodology/anthropological/ungelivable /copycat(Shanzhai)b.知词看伴（03年61题）Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they liveC.汉语搭配deal with aspects/challenges/adults2、翻译技巧A.词义选择（知词看伴、汉语搭配）delicate skin/ differences/ diplomatic relationsB.词序调整behavioral science/ natural selection/ perhaps never beforeC.词性转换（汉语喜欢使用动词）Jane is out.A week after the president’s visit to China, China was in in America.D.增词法He ate and drank, for he was exhaustedHe was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.in evolution3、具体句型A、定语从句一、什么是定语从句？例: A rich person is not the one who has the mos t, but is the one who needs the leas t.1.名词或代词做先行词。
例：He laughs best who laughs last.2.短语做先行词。
Many of life’s problems which were solved are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.3.用句子做先行词。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe.二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。
1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。
Whom现在用的很少。
前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。
2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。
What:它是子母同体。
相当于一个关系代词加一个先行词。
What前面不应该在出现先行词。
如果前面已经有一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。
例如：Y ou can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.All ______is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of lifeA.what is the needB.the things needC.for our needsD.that is needas1. 作为、like2. 当…….(时间)；因为（原因）；尽管（让步）3. 引导定语从句。
(1)引导限制性定语从句固定用法：the same…as, such…as考试中往往考固定搭配。
例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.(2)引导非限制性定语从句As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句Children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure.A. thanB. thatC. whichD. as特点：1)than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。
2)than 前面的主句必须要有比较级3)比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象三、关系副词When1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。
用句子表示状语就是状语从句。
例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.从两方面区分：When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。
从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。
如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当……时候。
When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。
例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。
例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.A. where I’d like to visitB. in which I’d like to visitC.I most want to visitD. that I want to visit it mostB、状语从句一、状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。
例句：Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.A. whenB. sinceC. forD. whereas1. 时间状语从句常考的句型：Hardly…when; Scarcely…when; No sooner …than; when it comes that; when it comes to例句：____to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begunB. No sooner hardly had he begunC. Not until he beginD. Scarcely had he begin例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.A. beforeB. as C since D. when2.地点状语从句Where 引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。