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英语构词法中的派生法

派生法(derivation): 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或相反的词。

前缀(prefix): 一般改变意义,不改变词性。

表示否定的:dis-, like---dislike, appear---disappear, agree---disagree,cover---discover,il-, legal---illegal, literate---illiterate;im-, possible---impossible, polite---impolite,mortal-immortal;in-, correct---incorrect, direct---indirect, complete---incomplete;ir-, regular-irregular, relative---irrelative,revocable---irrevocable, capable of being revoked; able to be cancelled, revoke: (transitive) to take back or withdraw; cancel; rescind ⇒ to revoke alaw2. (intransitive) cards to break a rule of play by failing to follow suit when able to do so; renege,renege. (intransitive; often foll by on) to go back (onone's promise, etc)mis-,“错误,坏” take---mistake, understand---misunderstand, fortune---misfortune, lead---mislead, mischievous;mal-, “坏,恶的”function---malfunction, maladroit笨拙的(mal+adroit灵巧的) adjective 1. skilful or dexterous 2. quick in thought or reaction,malevolent恶意的(male+vol意志+ent→坏意志) 1. wishing or appearing to wish evil to others; malicious 2. astrology having an evil influence;non-,“不,非”’ fiction---non-fiction, non-cooperation, non-negotiable,non-stop直达的,non-profit, non-commercial;un-, “不,非”happy---unhappy, fair---unfair, like---unlike(不像),certain-uncertain,known-unknown,usual-unusual,important-unimportant, accessable---unaccessable, accountable---unaccountable, fold-unfold,前缀a-,① 加在单词或词根前面,表示”不,无,非”, acentric 无中心的(a+centric中心的)asocial 不好社交的(a+social好社交的) ;amoral 非道德性的(a+moral道德的;注意:immoral apolitical.不关政治的(a+political政治的) anemia 反常的(a+nomal正常的+ous)② 加在单词前,表示”在…,…的” ,asleep 睡着的(a+sleep睡觉),aside 在边上(a+side旁边),ahead 在前地(a+head头),alive 活的(a+live 活)awash .泛滥的(a+wash冲洗),alike(相似的,一样的);前缀中的: anti-, “反对,抵抗, against,opposed to,opposite of,instead”,anti-war, antitrust, antibiotic, antioxidant,antibody, antigen, anti-semitic等;auto-, “自动的,self, personally, 表示自己”, automate, automation 自动化, autograph 亲笔,autoalarm 自动报警器,autocriticism 自我批评,autorotation 自动旋转,autobiography 自传,autonomous[ɔː'tɑːnəməs]a. 自治的;automatic, automatically, autonomy, automobile,automated, autopsy, autograph亲笔签名,手稿, automotive, ,autocrat 独裁者,autocracy,automata, automaton, autoclave, automaker, autoindex自动索引;co-, “共同”,coworker, collegiate, colleague, cooperate;en-, “使”,enlarge, encourage, enhance, enable, enact, enroll, encompass,inter-,“相互,between在---之间”, international, internet, interview, intercontinental洲际的,interchange, interfere, interrupt, interpose,mini-, “小”, minibus, ,miniskirt, miniature, minify, minimum, minimal 最低限度的,pre-,“在---之前”,pre-school, pre-reading, preview,precede v. to go or be before (someone or something) in time, place, rank, etc,precedent. a. If there is a precedent for an action or event, it has happened before, and this can be regarded as an argument for doing it again.president, precedent. unprecedented.re-, “再,又,重复”, repeat, rewrite, retell, return, review, rebound, reflect, reclaimsub-,“在下面”, subway, subordinate, submarine, suburban(urban城区),subconscious,subscribe,super-“超,在---之上”,supermarket, superman, superstar, supersonic, superficial, supervise, supernatural,tele-,“远”, telephone, telescope, television, telecommunication, telegram,后缀(suffix): 通常使词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。

常见的后缀有:1.构成动词的后缀:-en: 1.接在某些形容词后面构成动词,有“做”、“使”、“成为”、“使……变成”等含义。

例如:shorten(使缩短)darken(使黑,变黑)deepen(加深,使深)broaden(加宽)sharpen(削尖)sweeten(使变甜)richen(使富)thicken(使变厚)quicken(加快)soften(使软化)blacken(使变黑)harden(变硬、硬化)weaken(变弱)fasten(使固定)widen(变宽)。

也有从形容词比较级形式加-en构成动词的。

如lessen(减少),worsen(恶化,变得更坏)等等。

2.接在某些名词后构成动词,有“使”、“使……变成”等含义。

例如:frighten(恐吓)hasten(加快)heighten(提高)lengthen(延长)strengthen (加强)等。

3.接在某些名词后构成形容词,有“由……制成的”、“含有……质的”“似……的”等含义。

例如:wooden(木质的)wheaten(小麦制的)leaden(铅制的)earthen(泥质的,泥制的)woolen(羊毛制的)waxen(蜡制的,似蜡的)ashen(灰的,似灰的)golden(金质的,似金的)silken(丝的,如丝的)oaken(橡木制的)等等。

某些-en构成的形容词往往有比喻作用。

如:brazenfaced(厚脸皮的),the Golden Age(黄金时代),wooden head(呆子),leaden silence(使人窒息的沉默),waxen complexion(蜡黄的面色)等。

4.接在少数名词后面构成“小”称名词。

例如:maiden(少女),chicken(小鸡),kitten(小猫)等。

除此之外,后缀还可以:1.构成表示人的名词:warden(看守人,保管员),vixen(刁妇,泼妇),citizen (公民,市民)等;2.构成不规则动词的过去分词:beaten,written,ridden,spoken,forgot-ten 等;3.构成复数名词:oxen,children等。

deepen, strengthen, widen, sharpen, weaken, loosen, shorten, tighten, fasten-ize(-ise),注意这类动词一般都是抽象的modernize,popularize,recognize,emphasize,criticise,comprise,dehumanise,com puterise,industrialise, utilise, westernize, compromise, realize,还有一个后缀ish:establish,finish,demolish,cherish,abolish,diminish,distinguish,punish-ise(1)表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,“…化”memorise v 记住(memor记忆) criticise v 批评(ctitic批评家)advertise v 做广告(advert注意到,ad+vert转+ise)authorise v 授权(anthor权力;参考authority权威)fertilise v 施肥,授精(fert肥沃…fertile 肥沃的)revitalise v 使复活(re再+vital活的)注:由-ize构成的一些动词publicize v 宣传(public公开的)exorcize v 驱除(坏事)(ex出+orc巫术,邪魔+ize)aggrandize v 扩张(ag+grand大+ize)jeopardize v 危害(jeopard危害+ize)materialize v 赋予…形体(material物质+ize)neutralize v 使中和(neutral中间的,中和的+ize)sterilize v 杀菌;使不育(steril无菌的+ize)homogenize v 使一致(homo相同+gen产生+ize),使均匀,使均质lionize v 崇拜(lion狮子+ize…把人当狮子看…崇拜)temporize v 拖延时间(tempor时间+ize)industrialize v 工业化(industrial工业的+ize)popularize v 推广,普及(popular流行的+ize)organize, emphasize, apologize, modernize, stabilize, authorize, recognize, urbanize, legalize, realize,-fy(-ify,-efy)含义、词源和例词拉丁动词后缀-fy既可以充当派生词缀与形容词和名词相结合,也可以加缀在词根后面。

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