1.谓V.的形式—时态结构(1)肯定形式:have/has+Vpp(过去分词)(have, has为现在完成时的_________,根据主谓一致原则,你我复数用have,主单三时用has.)have可与主语缩写为’ve, has可与主语缩写为’s(2)否定形式:haven’t/hasn’t+Vpp(3)疑问形式:have/has+主+Vpp2.V原→Vpp与V原→Vp一样有规则变化与不规则变化规则变化与过去式变化相同,主要加-ed,而不规则变化要与过去式相结合地背,因为大多是Vp的变化基础上的再变,今后V原→Vp→Vpp的不规则变化按五个模式来记忆,即;A-A-A, A-A-B, A-B-A, A-B-B, A-B-C3.含义与用法现在完成时是一个即联系过去又联系现在的一个时态。
现在完成时中的“完成”指的是“过去,结束了或完成了”。
它又包括两种含义。
1)含义1:表示过去已经发生的或完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果或到目前为止还没发生的或做了的这种情况对现在造成的影响。
现在完成时和不明确过去时间状语连用,时间状语有:already, yet, just, before, ever, never, once, twice, recently(最近), in recent years(近几年), so far(到目前为止), in the past/last+一段时间(在过去的一段时间里),如:l_________ already ___________(return) the book to the library.我已经把书还给图书馆了。
(书现在不在我手上,书现在在图书馆。
)John _________ just __________ in Paris.约翰刚刚抵达巴黎。
(John 现在在巴黎。
)Mary ___________ __________ (not come) yet.玛丽还没来。
(“还没来”这个过去的情况对现在造成的影响或结果是①让人担心猜测;②人现在在别处,不在这里。
)___________ you ever ____________(read) the book called Jane Eyre? 你曾经看过«简●爱»这本书吗?(对“曾经看没看过”提问,强调看过说明了解些内容,没看过即说明还不了解。
)My brother __________never __________ to Mount Wuyi before.我弟弟以前从没去过武夷山。
(“从前没去过”的这个过去情况说明一件遗憾的事,弟弟没亲身经历武夷山的美景。
)2)现在完成时的这第一个含义还可以和包括现在在内的时间状语连用,如:.now,this morning,today,thisweek,this year等等。
其中this morning也可用于一般过去时,说明现在时间是________或________。
如:She cleaned the house this morning.(早上已过,只强调一件过去的事实。
)She has cleaned the house this morning.(早上时间未过去,有言下之意、影响或结果:房间现在干净、整齐或她已经完成她的工作或她已经累了。
)3)现在完成时的第一个含义不能和明确的过去时间状语连用,因为明确的过去时间状语只强调________,与现在无关。
14)have/has been(to)表示“曾经去过某地”,说话时人已不在某地,已经回来。
―去过已回‖have/has gone(_to)表示“去了某地”,“去了”动作已经发生,人在去的路上或已经到达目的地,还没回来,不在这里。
(只用于第三人称) “去而未回”have/has been(in)表示“去了/到了/来到/搬到/呆在某地一段时间,与一段时间的时间状语连用。
如:He __________ Beijing three times.他去过北京三次。
-Where __________ you just ___________?–I ____________the library.-Whereis Jane?–She ___________thegym.I ____________ this schoolforovertwo years.5)下列时间状语的用法:already“已经”(一般用于____________句,放在have/has后,过去分词前或句末)。
yet“已经;还”(用于___________句或___________句末)。
ever“曾经”(一般用于否定句或疑问句, 多用于疑问句中,放________, 问初次经历)。
never“从未;从来不”(多用于_____________句中,构成_________)。
just“刚刚”(多用于____________句,位于__________)。
before“之前”(可以用于___________, 句_______;常与never呼应)。
练习I.用ever, never, just,already, yet,before填空:1.–Haveyou finishedyour homework ____________? -Yes,I have.2.He has ___________visited the museum.He thinks it is great.3.–Have you _____________ traveled in a place? No, _____________.4.I have never seen suchawonderfulfilm ___________.5.He’s ____________ arrivedby train.Lethimhave a rest.II.用所给单词正确形式填空1.Tom hasn’t _____________ (get)up now because he stayed up late last night.2.She wants to preview the chemistry book. And she_____________ (borrow)one.3.We _____________ never ___________(have)a food festival.4.The train ____________ just _____________(leave).You must wait for the next train.5.In recent years, China ____________(change) a lot.6.In the last 2 years, we ___________(build)a lot of tall buildings.7.–Look! The light is still on in Mr. Zhang’s office. –I’m afraid he ____________(not finish) his work yet.II.选择:( )1. The Whites ____________ many places of interest in China in the past three years.A.have visitedB. will visitC. visited2( )2. __________ he __________ the doctor the day before yesterday?A.Have, seenB. Has, seenC. Did, see( )3. You don’t have to wash the windows. I ____________ them twice.A.will washB. have washedC. washed( )4. –Where were you in July last year? –This time last year my family and I _____________ Beijing.A.were visitingB. visitedC. have visited( )5. –How many times __________ you ________ the Great Wall? –Only once, I ________ there last year.A.did, go to, have goneB. have, been to, have goneC. have, been to, went( )6. –Hello, Mike. Long time no see. Where have you been? –Oh, not only my parents but also I __________ Wuhan for a month.A.have gone toB. have been toC. have been in( )7. My father ___________ on business. He ___________ in three days.A.went, has returnedB. has gone, will returnC. has gone, has returned( )8. –Have you found your keys ___________? –Yes. I have found them __________.A.yet, yetB. already, alreadyC. yet, already( )9. –How many times __________ you __________ Mount. Gu? –Several times.A.have, been inB. have, been toC. have, gone toIII.翻译:1.他找到那把丢失的钢笔了吗?不,他还没有找到。
__________ he __________ the lost pen? No, he ___________ __________ it yet.2.你以前看过那部电影吗?是的,我上周看过。
__________ you __________ the film _____________? Yes, I ___________ it last week.3.我叔叔不在家,他去上海了。
My uncle ___________ ___________ home. He __________ __________ ___________ Shanghai,4.你去哪里了,我去了图书馆。