Exercise 1A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.参考答案：A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点4)分析过程：试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，共四段。
第一段讲的是父亲与孩子当前和今后学业成功与孩子学术潜力的发展程度这两个因素有着有趣的关系，教育者们正开始对它们进行研究和评价。
第二段讲的是该研究表明父亲参加家长会并陪同郊游的孩子在学校的表现要比父亲不参加这些活动的孩子好。
第三段讲的是研究还表明父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关。
最后一段指出，父亲经常夜不归宿也会对孩子的学业带来不好的影响，除非是因为父亲上夜班。
2.写作思路找主题句，概括段落大意。
找主题句、概括段落大意能帮助学生理清文章脉络，以便找出文章的要点。
第一段的主题句是最后一句“As a matter of fact, ‘life with father，has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school. ”。
事实上这也是本文所提出的观点。
第二段的主题句是段落的第一句。
该段以近期的一个调查所得出的数据来论述父亲对孩子学业发展的影响。
第三、四段的主题句都是该段第一句。
内容仍是调查的另外两个结果。
这两个方面分别用“also suggested”和“further revealed”来表述调查内容。
确定表达要点。
本文的概要把第一段的末句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的主要观点，也是文章的起点。
在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确地表达，这是难点。
因为评分标准要求学生用自己的语言组织，因此学生需要灵活地表达以对原文的语言进行替换。
范文解析：范文结合第一、二段的内容，用一句话来表述文章的观点，即要点1。
要点2和3是因果关系，是第三段的内容。
再从“revealed, also suggested, further revealed”三词可以看出第三、四段与第二段是并列关系，同是调查的结果。
所以用moreover连接要点4。
这样概要的内容全面而且能避免重复。
归纳总结：语义转换因为概要写作要求学生用自己的语言组织内容，因此语义转换是概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能。
例如范文中我们将“a very important factor”替换为“played a significant role”。
第三段“greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child ” 用“ children who tended to progress academically were those only children”替换。
最后一个要点用“had a bad effect on”来表达夜不归宿的父亲对孩子会有影响这个概念。
要点整合本说明文的主题句即要说明的一个观点一一父亲对孩子学业成就有影响。
支撑句是对这个观点的分述，即第二、三、四段调查的结果对第一段提出的观点的分述。
要点1就是对第一、二段内容的整合。
第三段提到父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关，而父亲的参与对孩子学业有影响，因此将要点2和3用因果关系连接起来。
Exercise 2Taxes may well be discussed by your parents or government officials, but they are by no means only relevant to adults. You may not know it, but you are also paying them. For example, if you buy a movie ticket, 5 percent of your money goes to the government.Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product, income, or activity. People around the world have to pay all kinds of taxes. In fact, the government takes taxes out of every paycheck(收人）people receive.In China, people have to pay income tax if they earn over 3, 500 yuan per month. The government takes taxes out of their paychecks every month. Working people in China can ask for a receipt at local taxation bureaus(税务局）for the income tax they have paid.Sales taxes are taxes that you have to pay when you buy things at a store. You get an invoice(发票）to prove that you have paid the tax.Taxes are also part of owning homes or businesses. People who own buildings pay taxes on the land that the buildings occupy. Taxes are taken from gifts and awards, too. If you win the lottery, you pay taxes on what you receive.What is the money used for?Taxes are used to pay for government expenditures (开支）)Last year, about 85 percent of government income in China came from taxing enterprises and individuals.The money collected pays for things that benefit everybody in the country. Taxes are used to build roads and pay the salaries of police officers, firefighters, and public school teachers.Last year, the central government spent about 2.3 trillion yuan on education and about 1 trillion on public health care, according to People's Daily.Your tuition fees in elementary school and junior high school are also paid by the government. In this sense, your education is supported by taxes.参考答案：Nearly everyone pays fees to the government for products, incomes or activities. The fees are called taxes.(要点1) In China people have to pay income taxes，sales taxes，land taxes, and more.(要点2) Taxes are used by the government to benefit everybody in the country, including building roads，paying salaries of civil servants，health care and schools.(要点3)分析过程试题详解核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共分十段。