that
Research Fruit (tense)
Hedge (1982)
that
1. Facts (present) 2. Accepted standard method or technology (present) 3. Certain situation (past) 4. Suggestion or hypothesis (“may + verb”)
Image
has/have been widely discussed Has/have been extensively examined has/have been thoroughly investigated has/have seldom been discussed/have
in the last decade.
since 1995
General description of research field – example sentences (4)
There be
Research extentLeabharlann Research Theme
There has/have been
much research on little research on many studies on few reports on
printing.
attention
color.
Many A number of Several Quite few
has been studies conducted/performed/published on experiments have been done regarding
image.

1. Background & Research Field
– Background information is widely accepted facts, but sometimes according to reference materials. – From general to specific background information, from wide to narrow. – Tense:
Literature Time.
– From old to new.
Literature Category.
– Classify literature. – Describe in the above two way individually.
– Sentences Style
(1) General description of research field (2) Literature oriented (3) Authors oriented (4) Author oriented
Voice:
– Passive (theme as subject) – Active (authors as subject)
Authors oriented – example sentences (1)
Authors
Verb (present perfect, active voice)
– In some climates, control of house dust has been found to be …. [2]. – The hypothesis is supported by …. [Larsson et al., 1998; Kadi et al., 1998]
For widely accepted facts, no reference. Tense:
Authors Many investigators Several researchers A number of authors Few writers
Verb (present perfect, active voice)
have found/ /shown /reported /suggested
since 1995
General description of research field – example sentences (3)
Research theme
Verb (present perfect, passive voice)
Time (optional)
in recent years.
color.
(3,4,5,7)
Authors oriented – example sentences (2)
Research Theme
Verb (present perfect, passive voice)
have been studied /investigated /examined /explored /reported on /discussed /considered
has/have been
the subject of much research the subject of few studies the focus of a great deal of research
in recent years. in the last decade.
has drawn/attracted Color have drawn/attracted much attention/interest little attention/interest
General description of research field – example sentences (1) Verb (present perfect, passive voice) Research Theme
Research situation
Much Little No A volume of
For facts, present tense. For trends, present perfect tense.
– E.g. – The study of … has been the focus of many recent studies. – Various approaches such as … have been employed …
Most are widely accepted facts, so no reference. Always describe research trend, so present perfect tense. The focus is research theme, so passive voice.
color.
– (2) Literature oriented
First sentence: description of general facts related with paper. The focus of the sentence is material, and the theme discussed is always subject. E.g.
Much Little
work research
has been done/performed/conducted/carried out/devoted on has been published regarding
has been devoted/directed to has been focused on
– (1) General description of research field
Research situation of certain problem in this field. How much related research has been done on certain problem.
– Past tense.
Author oriented – example sentences (1)
Author & literature time
Verb (past tense, active voice)
showed found reported noted suggested observed pointed out

2. Literature Review
– Only refer literature related with the paper. – Arrange according to:
Relationship with this paper.
– From more related to less related.
– 2. Literature Review – 3. Problem (with 2.) – 4. Research Objective – 5. Outline of Method – 6. Theory or Application Value (with 4.) – 7. Paper Structure (Thesis or Dissertation)
– Present or present perfect, sometimes past tense.
– (3) Authors oriented
Introduce research work of some authors/researchers/scholars. Tense:
– Present perfect
that
Research fruit
References
that
…
(Brown, 1992; Forman, 1986, McGee, 1998)
– (4) One Author oriented