19th C.: Bacteria cause disease
Robert Koch & Louis Pasteur established bacteria as cause of diseases.
Pasteur: Injected animals with live attenuated micoorganisms immunity v. chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies.
Thucydides (5thC. B.C.): people who recovered - immune
Early Attempts at Immunisation
Mithradates VI (Anatolian King) took increasing daily doses of poisons.
G.B. Shaw, “The Doctor’s Dilemma”: “….stimulate the phagocytes”.
Humoral Theory: Koch, Ehrlich et al. (Berlin)
Showed serum from immunised animals kills bacteria.
Wars of The Cells and Antibodies: Truce
Sir Almoth Wright & Douglas Opsonisation of bacteria by Abs. Attempted fusion of Cellular and Humoral Theories – “Sir Almost Right”.
Inoculated 7 subjects with cowpox. 2 challenged with smallpox. All O.K.
Cowpox = Vaccinia virus, hence vaccination general term.
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Immunisation against Smallpox:-
Chinese: dried matter from pustules inserted in nostrils.
Turks: used variolation, hence Variola Virus.
A Smallpox Victim
Then 2 daughters of Prince & Princess of Wales inoculated, hence became popular.
Immunisation against Smallpox (2) Vaccination
End of 18th C.: Edward Jenner
The molecular revolution present
Descriptive Early Period
Plagues & pandemics, esp. bubonic
plague (Pasteurella pestis) & smallpox.
Causes of disease unknown until 19th C. Thought to be caused by poisons = “virus” (latin).
Ilya Metchnikoff
Humoral Immunity
Bordet discovered complement. Behring & Kitasato – immunity to
diphtheria & tetanus due to Abs. v. toxins. Passive tf. of immune serum protection = 1st immunotherapy.
Edward Jenner inoculating James Phipps with cowpox
Immunisation against Smallpox (3) WHO Programme
1978: WHO Programme completed.
Smallpox completely eradicated worldwide.
“The Royal Experiment”
George I pardoned 7 criminals: inoculated; 1 lay with smallpox victim every night to end. All recovered. Repeated with 6 more criminals + 5 orphans.
Immunisation against Smallpox (1) Variolation
Early 18th C.: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (wife of British Ambassador, Constantinople) inoculated own children.
免疫学发展史History
Stages of Immunology
Descriptive early period Early attempts at vaccination: Smallpox Early experiments: Bacteria cause
disease Humoral v. cellular immunity Selective v. instructive theories of I.R.
Wars of The Cells and Antibodies
Cellular Theory: Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytes in starfish larvae surround a
splinter; phagocytosis & digestion of bacteria by Ms & polymorphs Phagocytic Theory (innate immunity).