红外活性和拉曼活性振动
①红外活性振动 ⅰ永久偶极矩；极性基团； ⅱ瞬间偶极矩；非对称分子；
红外活性振动—伴有偶极矩变化的振动可以
产生红外吸收谱带.
②拉曼活性振动
eE
诱导偶极矩 = E
r
非极性基团，对称分子；
e
拉曼活性振动—伴随有极化率变化的振动。
对称分子：
对称振动→拉曼活性。
不对称振动→红外活性
• a series of anti-Stokes shifted peaks (still lower intensity, shorter wavelength)
• spectrum independent of excitation wavelength (488, 632.8, or 1064 nm)
Watch for Fluorescence
Spectrum of anthracene. A: using Ar+ laser at 514.5 nm. B: using Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm.
Want to use short wavelength because scattering depends on 4th power of frequency. …BUT… Want to use long wavelength to minimize chance of inducing fluorescence.
The Spectrum
A complete Raman spectrum consists of:
• a Rayleigh scattered peak (high intensity, same wavelength as excitation)
• a series of Stokes-shifted peaks (low intensity, longer wavelength)
拉曼光谱分析法
基本原理
1. Raman散射 E1 + h0
Raman散射的两种 E2 + h0
跃迁能量差：
E=h(0 - ) 产 生 stokes 线 ； 强 ；基态分子多；
E=h(0 + ) 产 生 反 stokes 线 ； 弱；
h(0 - ) E1 V=1 E0 V=0
STOKES
Raman位移：
Some Raman Advantages
Here are some reasons why someone would prefer to use Raman Spectroscopy. • Non-destructive to samples (minimal sample prep) • Higher temperature studies possible (don’t care about IR radiation) • Easily examine low wavenumber region: 100 cm-1 readily achieved. • Better microscopy; using visible light so can focus more tightly. • Easy sample prep: water is an excellent solvent for Raman. Can probe sample through transparent containers (glass or plastic bag).
➢ Symmetric stretching vibrations are much stronger scatterers than asymmetric stretching vibrations
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Benzene
IR
Raman
拉曼光谱与红外光谱分析方法比较
拉曼光谱
红外光谱
光 谱 范 围 40-4000C m -1
光 谱 范 围 400-4000C m -1
水可作为溶剂
样品可盛于玻璃瓶，毛细管等容器 中直接测定
固体样品可直接测定
水不能作为溶剂 不能用玻璃容器测定 需要研磨制成 KBR 压片
Spectrum of CCl4, using an Ar+ laser at 488 nm.
Raman Spectroscopy
Another spectroscopic technique which probes the rovibrational structure of molecules. C.V. Raman discovered in 1928; received Nobel Prize in 1931. Can probe gases, liquids, and solids. Must use a laser source for excitation. Resurgence in recent years due to the development of new detectors with improved sensitivity. Shift back away from FT-Raman to dispersive Raman with multichannel detector systems.
Selection Rule for Raman Scattering
❖ Must be change in polarizability
➢ Non-Polar groups such as C-S, S-S, C=C, C C (triple bond), N=N and heavy atoms (I, Br, Hg) strong scatterers
Raman 散 射 光 与 入
射光频率差； 0 -
h0 h(0 + ) h
-STOKES
Rayleigh
0
0 +
Rayleigh / Raman Transitions
IR Absorptions
Rayleigh / Raman Transitions and Spectra
Rayleigh / Raman Transitions and Spectra