第10章丹尼尔•笛福10.1复习笔记I.Background Knowledge(背景知识)(1)After the“Glorious Revolution”,England became a constitutional monarchy and power passedfrom the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers.The power struggle between the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories at times dominated the literature of the age.(2)The Industrial Revolution started and transformed the socioeconomic texture of Britain,intensifying the contradictions between the rich and the poor.(3)The rapid development of social life including the popularity of public coffee-houses andprivate clubs was typical of all English cities.(4)The Enlightenment started in the18th century,which fought against feudalism,emphasizedreason,and believed in human beings’innate kindness.（1）1688年光荣革命后，英国从此成为君主立宪制国家，权力由国王转向议会和内阁大臣。
两党之间的争权夺势不时主导着18世纪文学。
（2）工业革命兴起，彻底改变了英国的社会经济结构，加剧了贫富矛盾。
（3）英国城市中社会生活快速发展，例如大量公共咖啡馆和私人俱乐部的建立。
（4）启蒙运动开始于18世纪，它反对封建主义，强调理性，相信人性本善。
II.Literary Style of the Eighteenth Century(十八世纪文学风格)(1)The coffee-houses’chatting became popular among the middle classes,and thus appearedjournals that provided information and criticism of contemporary topics.The typical one is The Spectator collaborated by Addison and Steele.(2)Influenced by the Enlightenment,there appeared a group of neoclassicist writers whoemphasized reason and rules for different genres.These writers included Pope and Samuel Johnson.(3)Novel rose and developed in the18th century,and became an important genre.In the18thEngland,the novels included realistic novels,represented by Defoe,Fielding and Swift;sentimental novels,with Sterne and Goldsmith as the typical writers;Gothic novels,like The Castle of Otranto;psychological novels by Richardson.(4)In the latter half of18th century,pre-romanticism rose and gradually replaced theneoclassicism.Poets like Blake and Burns were the forerunners of the pre-romanticism. (5)Compared with the development of the novel,drama of the18th century was not a main（1）中产阶级在咖啡馆对时事的讨论成为时尚，由此产生了提供信息和评论的报刊。
典型代表是艾迪生和斯蒂尔合办的《旁观者》。
（2）受启蒙运动的影响，英国文学出现新流派——新古典主义，他们强调理性和每个文学体裁的固定规则。
新古典主义的代表是蒲柏和约翰逊。
（3）英国小说产生于18世纪，并成为一个重要的文学体裁。
包括现实主义小说，代表是笛福、菲尔丁和斯威夫特；感伤主义小说，代表是斯特恩和哥尔德史密斯；哥特小说，如《奥特兰托堡》；心理小说，代表是理查森。
（4）18世纪后半期，前浪漫主义产生并逐渐取代新古典主义。
代表诗人是布莱克和彭斯。
（5）与小说相比，18世纪的戏剧没有那么重要的位置。
III.Literary Terms(文学术语)1.The Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)(1)Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished inFrance and swept through Western Europe in the18th century.(2)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical andartistic ideas.(3)It celebrated reason or rationality,equality and science.It advocated universal education.Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.（1）启蒙运动是一场进步的思想运动，盛行于法国，后在18世纪传播到西欧。
（2）它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观点启蒙整个世界。
（3）崇尚理性、平等和科学，提倡大众教育。
文学在当时变成了一种非常受欢迎的公众教育的手段。
2.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)(1)The English neoclassicism predicated upon and derived from both classical and contemporaryFrench models,embodied a group of attitudes toward art and human existence-ideals of order,logic,restraint,accuracy,correctness,decorum,etc.These neoclassicists include Pope(2)Drama:couplet instead of blank verse,the three unities of time,place and action,regularity inconstruction,and the presentation of types rather than individuals.(3)Poetry:following the ancient divisions of lyric,epic,didactic,satiric or dramatic,and eachclass should be guided by some peculiar principles.(4)Prose should be precise,direct and flexible.（1）英国新古典主义基于并源于古典文学和当代法国文学，代表了一类对待艺术和人类存在的态度：秩序、逻辑、限制、准确、正确、得体等。
新古典主义者包括十八世纪的蒲柏和约翰逊。
（2）戏剧标准：偶句诗而非无韵诗；时间、地点和情节的统一；结构的规律性；类型刻画而非个体刻画。
（3）诗歌标准：依照古文学分类，诗歌应分为抒情诗、史诗、教诲诗、讽喻诗和戏剧诗，每一种都应受到特定规律的约束。
（4）散文标准：精确、直接、灵活。
3.Picaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)The picaresque novel is a popular sub genre of prose fiction which depicts,in satirical, realistic and often humorous detail,the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society.As indicated by its name,this style of novel originated in Spain.Picaresque novel flourished in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,and continues to influence modern literature.It is Smollett that often used this genre.His Roderick Random and Humphry Clinker are typical picaresque works.流浪汉小说是小说的一种。
它常用讽刺语气和现实幽默的写法来描写社会地位低下的流浪主人公的冒险经历。
该类小说源于西班牙。
流浪汉小说在17、18世纪的欧洲盛行，并继续影响现代文学。
斯莫莱特常用此体裁，他的《兰登传》和《亨弗利·克林克》是流浪汉小说的典型。
4.Sentimentalism(感伤主义)The term sentimentalism is used in two senses:to enjoy it.(2)An optimistic overemphasis on the goodness of humanity.The novel of sensibility was developed from this18th century notion,manifested in the sentimental novel.Examples of sentimental novel include Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey and Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield.感伤主义包括两层含义：（1）过分沉溺于情感，特别指有意识地插入情感来享受其中。