第一讲:名词.1. 可数与不可数名词.2. 可数名词的复数形式:a. 一般名词后加---s.b. 以[s],[z],[∫],[],[ｔ],[],[],等音结尾的名词后加—es,如果词尾为e,只加-s.c. 以辅音字母+O结尾的名词(多数情况下)加es;以元音字母+O结尾的名词一般加sd. 以—f或—fe结尾的名词大多数变—f或--fe 为–ves. 口诀: 贼的妻子一生当中用树叶和一把小刀杀死了十只绵羊和三只狼,并把他们放在半个书架上.e. 以—y结尾的名词,y前为辅音字母时,变为再加;前为元音字母时,直接加—s.f. 以-–th 结尾,一般加—s3. 不归则变化:初中阶段的不归则变化的名词的复数:man—men ,woman—women ,child—children ,foot—feet ,tooth—teeth ,fish—fish ,sheep—sheep ,deer—deer ,China—Chinese ,Japanese—Japanese ------a. 有些名词只有复数形式: clothes ,trousers ,glasses .b. 有些复合名词变成复数时,只将复合名词的主体变为复数, boy student -- boy students ,looker on -- lookers on , grown-up ---- growns-up .c. 由man \ woman 构成的复合名词,两者都要变成复数, man teacher –men teachers , woman doctor –women doctors .d. 有些词形式上是单数形式,但意义上是复数, people ,class ,police ,public ---e. 有些词形式上是复数,但意义上是单数,news ,physics ,maths ,simths ----4. 不可数名词:a. food,fish,rice,coffee,wine,wood,stone,brick,iron,steel,air,gas,rain,snow,water.( 表肉类,液体类,结晶体类,自然资源类,矿物质类)b. height,knowledge,news,music,information,advice, ---c. 抽象名词也可以用单位名词来表示数的概念. a useful piece of news ,a bit of advice ,a piece of music .d. 有些名词既是可数,又是不可数名词,但意义不同:work(工作)--- a work(著作,作品),glass(玻璃)--- a glass(玻璃杯) , paper(纸)--- a paper(报纸,证件,试卷) , tea (茶)--- a tea (一种) (表示种类) wood (木头) –a wood (小森林) , room (空间) --- a room (房间).e. family, people , crowd , class , nation , police , cattle .作主语的用法.5. 名词所有格:a. ‘s的所有格:单数名词和不以s 结尾的复数名词的所有格一般在词尾加“’s”.Kate’s book , father’s brother .Children’s Day.b. 以s 结尾的复数名词或以s 结尾的某人名字要表所有格时只在词尾加“’”即可.the girls’room , Tess’money.c. 如果一样东西为几个人共有时,则只在最后一个名词后加“’s”这时后面的东西用单数. Lucy and Lily’s father.d. 如果所指事物不是几个人共有时,而是各自所有,则在每一个名词后加“‘s”,这时后面所指事物用复数. Lucy ‘s and Lily’s mothers.e. 在表示店铺,某人的家,诊所或饭馆等名词的所有格的名词常可以省略. at my aunt’s ,at Mr Wang’s , at the doctor’s.f. 有些指时间,距离,国家,集体,团体,机构,城镇等无生命的东西的名词,及某些习惯用语中的名词也可以在后面加“’s”构成所有格关系. a month’s time = the time of amonth , the city’s park = the park of the city .g. of 的所有格: of + n ,当表示有生命的东西的名词较长时,其所有格形式也可以用of 表示. The books of Lu Xun ,the name of that boy over there .h. of + n’s 这种形式称为名词的双重所有格.用来表示整体中的一部分.注意双重所有格中of前的名词前常有一个限定词a\the\any\some\one\few\several\two\ten, of 后的n’s也可以用名词性物主代词来代替. Tom is a friend of my brother’s, Tom is a child of ours .i. there be ---, not only ----- but also ,neither --–nor ,either –or要根据就近原则,来判断谓语是否单复数.第二讲:形容词.用于修饰名词或代词,表人或物的特征或性质的词叫adj.可译成“-----的”.1. adj 放在名词前作定语,为前置定语.eg: I have a new watch. It’s a black car.2. adj , 介词短语, 分词, 不定式等, 放在名词的后面作定语,为后置定语.There’s a girl in red .These are all books available.3. 放在be或系动词之后作表语. I’m hungry. You must keep healthy.4. 放在宾语后作宾补. The glasses keep their eyes safe.5. 和the一起做主语,表“一类人或事物”.谓语用复数.the old, the new,the poor,the rich,the blind, the young the sick,the woundeadj的比较级:1. 一般adj + er \ est.2. 以e 结尾的adj 只要在其后+ r \ st.3. 以重读闭音节结尾且只有一辅音字母的adj 时, 要双写最后一个辅音字母再加er \ est.口诀:大热天,不管胖的,瘦的,都穿着红衣服,浑身湿透,十分悲伤,暗淡.(big\hot\fat\thin\red\wet\sad\dim)4. 以辅音音素+y 结尾的adj 要改y 为i :dry----drier\driest , dirty----dirtier\dirtiest.5. 多音节的adj 要加more most.6. 以n + ful 构成的双音节adj 或n +ly构成的双音节adj ,以n+ing/ed构成的双音节adj 也要加more \ most eg: careful ,helpful , friendly,lovely,lively.7. often , free , tired , fun 也加more most 构成比较或最高级.8. 不归则: good\well—better—best, bad\ill\badly—worse—worst, many\much—more—most, little—less—least, far—farther\further—farthest\furthset, old—older\elder—oldest\eldest.9. 表A 与B ,程度相同: as + adj (原级) as10. 表程度不同: not as \ so + adj (原级) as11. 表两者之间的比较: 比较级+ than12. 比较级+and 比较级: 表越来越----13. the + 比较级+句子--------- the + 比较级+句子.表越-------就越-------(带有递进关系) .14. 可修饰比较级的: much, even, still, a little, a lot, a bit, far, .但不能修饰原级15. very, quite , too, so, rather可修饰原级,但不可以修饰比较级.16. adj最高级需要加the.a. the + adj(最高级) + of + 表示人或事物的复数名词该名词与前面的主语属于同类\数字三以上b. the +adj(最高级) + in + 表示单位,组织等集合名词的单数,该名词与前面的主语不属于同类.c. “one of +adj(最高级) +n (pl) +V (single).One of the most popular teachers is Mr Dai.Chang Jiang is one of the longset rivers.表“最-----之一”d. “the + 序数词+最高级+名词单数”表示“第几-------”.e. “adj比较级+ than + any other + 名词单数”表示“比其它任何-------都-----”,用比较级形式表示最高级意思.Eg: She is taller than any other girl in her class.但是注意: Shanghai is bigger than any city in Japan.f. “the + 比较级of + the two \ my parents \ the twins ”表示“两个中比较-------的”比较级前冠词the不能省略.eg: He is the taller of the two brothers.17. adj 的位置.a. 描大形新颜国材+n.b. 不定代词+adj.c. Adj修饰的名词前面有only ,best , any , every , all 等限定性较强的定语时,adj应该放在它所修饰的词之后.(即称为后置定语)eg: It’s the only solution possible. These are all apples available.d. 如果有冠词或代词修饰adj,那么其词序应为:冠词或副词+ adj + n .eg: a frightened girl . an English-speaking country.18. 有少数形容词一般只能作表语,而不能作定语,作定语时有特殊的要求.这类形容词主要有: afraid(害怕的),alive(活着的),alone(单独的),asleep(睡着的),awake(醒着的),ready(准备好的),sorry(对不起的),well(身体健康的),worth(值得的),ashamed(羞愧的),alike(相似的) .eg: Don’t be afraid .不能说:an afraid girl. \ She is very alone .不能说:an alone person. \ He was ill .不能说:He was an ill man .19. 一些形容词作定语与作表语时意义不同.eg certain (表语,当然的) \ (定语,特定的) ; complete(表语,完成的,完美的) \ (定语,完全的) ; ill (表语,有病的) \ (定语,坏的) ; late (表语,晚的,迟到的) \ (定语,已故的,新近的) ; present (表语,参加的) \ (定语,出席的,目前的) ; ready (表语,准备好的,愿意的) \ (定语,现在的).第三讲: 副词. 用来修饰动词,形容词的词叫副词. 有些副词还能修饰副词,表示时间,地点,方式,程度等.1. 表示时间的副词: now, then, before, already, yet, soon, early, late, today, yesterday, tomorrow.2. 表示地点的副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, home, in, out, away, off, along, up, down, aboard.其中, here,there,home,aboard,everywhere,anywhere为地点副词,注意它们前面不要加任何介词和冠词.3. 表示动作频度的副词: always,often, usually, ever, never, hardly, sometimes,seldom.4. 表示程度的副词:very, too, enough, much, quite, rather, either, little, almost.5. 用于特殊疑问句的副词: when, where, why, how. (表示时间,地点,原因,方式,状态)副词的形式:1. 只能用于副词的副词: here, there, now, quite, always.2. 既可作介词又可作副词的: in, on, along, up, down.这类词是介词还是副词,主要区别是:在句中带有宾语时,是介词;不带宾语时,是副词. Eg: Come along the street. (along是介词). Come along .( along是副词).3. 与形容词是同形的: much, long, early, enough, little.4. 以adj + ly 构成的adv.\ 以-le结尾的adj需去掉e再加ly.\ 以-y结尾的adj把y改为I,再加—ly.比较级加more\most.eg;easily, happily, heavily, busily, luckily.1. 状语.Eg: They work hard .(hard 修饰动词work 作状语)The picture is very nice .( very 修饰形容词nice 作状语)She sings quite well .( quite 修饰副词well作状语)2. 表语:eg: LiLei has been away for three weeks.( 副词away放been之后作表语).Is Wangfei in ? (副词in 放be之后作表语).3. 定语:eg : The weather here is very cold in winter , isn’t it ? ( 副词here修饰名词weather作定语).We got here three hours ago.( 副词ago 修饰名词hours作定语).4. 补语:eg : Let him in . (副词in作宾语him的补足语).5. 副词的三级用法与形容词差不多,但副词的最高级前不要加the.由单音节adj+ly构成的副词,变比较级时要加more\most.eg: quickly, quitely, safely, slowly, shyly, and so on.副词放在句中的位置:1. 副词修饰动词作状语时多放在动词的后面. Eg: They are listening carefully . 如果动词带有宾语时,副词放在宾语的后面. Eg : Have you looked for the book everywhere ?2. 句中有两个以上副词作动词状语时,一般表地点的副词放在其它副词之前,表时间的副词放在最后. Eg: He got there today.3. 表示不定时间的频度的副词: always, usually, often, sometimes,seldom,never,ever.一般放在行为动词的前面,或系动词,被动词之后,如句中有助动词,情态动词时,则紧跟助动词,情态动词之后.Eg : He always goes to school at seven . (行为动词goes之前)His brother is often late for school . ( 被动词is之后)We have never been to Shanghai . ( 助动词have之后)You can never do it . ( 情态动词can之后)4. 表示程度的副词,一般放在所修饰的词之前.eg: He almost \ nearly forgot this thing .(almost放在forgot之前)5. 有些表位置的副词,如: off out in away up down on 在和动词连用时,其宾语如果是名词,这些副词可放在动词与名词之间或名词之后.但如果宾语是人称代词宾格时,这些副词必须放在人称代词宾格之后.注意:在get off \ get on 表上下车时off \ on 只是介词而不能看成是副词,所以代词宾格或名词只能放在off \ on 之后 .6. 副词用来修饰形容词或其它副词时, 一般放在所修饰的词前面,但副词enough只放在所修饰的形容词,副词之后.Eg : He is tall enough . She is good enough.7. 副词作定语时,应放在所修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语.Eg: The woman there is his mother .8. 有时为了强调或对比,也可以把某些副词放在句首,地点副词here there 放句首时,句Eg : Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck. Here comes the bus .Here you are .若名词作句子主语时,句子谓语放在主语之前,称为全倒装.若代词主格作句子主语时,句子谓语放在主语之后,称为半倒装.。