翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案(红色为自己所出题)一Fill in the blanks.According to sociosemiotic theories, meaning consists of three aspects: _________, ___________ and ____________ .As far as communicative function is concerned, English sentences can be classified into four types: ____________ , ___________ , _____________ and ___________ .Professor Xu Yuanzhong ever proposed that literary translation should conform to the principle of “____________, __________ and ___________”.The basic procedures of translation are made up of three steps: __________, ___________ and ___________ .Peter Newmark divided the function of language into six kinds, among which the most important four functions are ____________, ___________ , __________ and ___________ .“Literal translation”is based on -language-oriented principle, while “liberal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle.Translators often abide by -oriented principle when they translate literary works When we see the sun, we often think o f hope. It’s the meaning of the sun we in fact think of.Yan Fu’s standard for good translation is , and .According to Peter Newmark, the expression “How do you do?” performs ___________ function. We should analyze , and before we really put something into the target language.According to the structure, English sentences can be classified into sentences, ___________ sentences, sentences and sentences.The three principles for translation advocated by Alexander Fraser Tytler are:①②③The sentence “The earth goes around the sun” performs the function of language. When we hear somebody speaks ungrammatically, we know that he is not well-educated. Here the language carries the meaning.According to the different signs that translation deals with, translation can be classified into , , .Translation can be regarded as a , a or a . According to different topics, translation can be classified into sssssss translation, translation and translation.二Translating the following sentences into Chinese.Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch.Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensationsas the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.5 It’s not easy to become a member of that club—they want people who haveplenty of money to spend, not just every Tom , Dick, and Harry.6 The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.7 But my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimness and the stride were long past, too.8 I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as though it had been beaten with wires.9 As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.10 I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to the backyards, and there was Allen’s pool, still covered with black plastic that had been stretched across it for winter.11 Time did not spoil the beauty of the walls, nor the palace itself, lying like a jewel in the hollow of a hand.It is obvious that this was merely a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul. There was no real clearing up of the outstanding debt.He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look. The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.“It is true that the enemey won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory.”said the General.A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollow stillness hung over the valley.I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?Our Band-Aid approach to economic development must be changed.It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to the church.It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion.Father’s attitude toward anybody who wasn’t his kind used to puzzle me.Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants.We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.She stopped listening. She felt as though she had been slapped to the extreme outer edge of life, into a cold darkness.Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say.Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of the skin but by the content of their character.The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in its application before a working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of the country.When prices range from $34,500 to $50,000 per car, evidence that these machines are more than a cut above the rest is essential.One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six-to-one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60000 men in one day.I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner.The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century.Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress.Military strategy may bear some similarity to the chessboard but it is dangerous to carry the analogy too far.Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent.Prolonged high unemployment will threaten the current leadership in other capitals as well, and it could ignite violent upheavals in some of the most hard-pressed land.Many advocated strong action to bring the Prime Minister into line.He cannot wholly detach himself from the technicalities and personal inconveniences which accompany the battle for intelligence.I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven.I think lawyers mistakenly believe complex language enhances the mystique of the law.Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop.Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simply incapable of teaching introductory courses.Then the players find out the lottery is not particularly good bet and they find other forms of gambling.The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.There has always been a close cultural link, or tie between Britain and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music.We must just make the best of things as they come along.But once I made the decision, I went at it with all flags flying.60 Autumn’s mellow hand was upon the woods, as they owned already, touched with gold and red and olive.三Translate the following passage into Chinese.Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author’s or eve n goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you “ought ” to read, you probably won’t have fun. But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.3 It is well that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Of the virtues of the orange I have not room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving, as that it cures influenza and establishes the complexion. It is clean, for whoever handles it on its way to your table, but handles its outer covering, its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellent substitute with the young for a cricket ball. The pip can be flicked at your enemies, and quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an old gentleman.But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. However,the world must go on.With the orange we do live year in and year out. That speaks well for the orange. The fact is that there is an honeaty about the orange which appeals to all of us. If it is going to be bad—for the best of us are bad sometimes—it begins to be bad from the outside, not from the inside. How many a pear which presents a blooming face to the world is rotten at the core. How many an innocent-looking apple is harbouring a worm in the bud. But the orange has no secret faults. Its outside is a mirror of its inside, and if you are quick you can tell the shopman so before he slips it into the bag.4 It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.Americans cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet are in such a rush to snatch any that come within their reach, as if expecting to stop living before they have relished them. They clutch everything but hold nothing fast, and so lose grip as they hurry after some new delight.An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on; he will plant a garden and rent it just as the trees are coming into bearing; he will clear a field and leave others to reap the harvest; he will take up a profession and leave it, settle in one place and soon go of f elsewhere with his changing desires. If his private business allows him a moment’s relaxation, he will plunge at once into the whirlpool of politics. Then, if at the end of a year crammed with work he has a little spare leisure, his restless curiosity goes with him traveling up and down the vast territories of the United States. Thus he will travel five hundred miles in a few days as a distraction from his happiness.Death steps is in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.5 Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whether humanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently. There might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves. Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations?A real woman, by my definition, neither despises nor worships men, but is proud not to have been born a man, does everything she can to avoid thinking or acting like one, knows the full extent of her powers, and feels free to reject all arbitrary man-made obligations. She is her own oracle of right and wrong, firmly believing in her five sound senses and intuitive sixth. Once a real woman has been warned by her nose that those apples are tasteless or assured by her finger-tips that this material is shoddy, no salesman in the world can persuade her to the contrary. Nor, once she has met some personage in private and summed him up with a single keen glanceas weak, vain or crooked, will his mounting public reputation convince her otherwise. She takes pleasure in the company of simple, happy, undemanding women; but seldom or never finds a friend worthy of her full confidence.翻译理论与技巧（A）答案一1 designative meaning or referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning2 declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentencesbeauty of meaning, beauty of sound and beauty of formcomprehension, expression and testinginformative function, expressive function, vocative function and aesthetic functionsource, targetAestheticsAssociativeFaithfulness, Expressiveness, ElegancephaticGrammar, meaning and structure.Simple, compound, complex, compound complex1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work; 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.informativeindexical meaning.Intralingual translation, interlingual translation, intersemiotic translationscience, art, skill(craft)professional translation, literary translation, general translation二1他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是上菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是说啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙个不停。