Genetic distances among eco-types of soybeans in China PopuTrait NES HHE HHL SCE SCM SCL NEW HHW lation Allozyme NEW 0.137 0.148 0.143 0.188 0.194 0.194 HHW 0.134 0.129 0.123 0.177 0.160 0.157 0.033 SCW 0.104 0.105 0.096 0.137 0.134 0.132 0.013 0.017 Cytoplasmic NEW 2.103 1.503 1.043 3.142 2.051 0.900 DNA RFLP HHW 1.502 1.145 0.811 1.925 1.436 0.698 0.014 SCW 0.632 0.491 0.372 0.687 0.428 0.272 0.522 0.342 Comprehensive NEW 0.557 0.462 0.422 0.484 0.488 0.420 HHW 0.503 0.402 0.366 0.429 0.417 0.356 0.022 SCW 0.466 0.376 0.342 0.374 0.375 0.329 0.038 0.029
Item Alleles from wild soybean Alleles lost Alleles emerged Specific Alleles Land race （967 alleles） 627 (59.4%) 428 (40.6%) 340 (35.2%) 259 (26.8%) Release cultivar（519 alleles） Compare to wild soybean 235 (22.3%) 820 (77.7%) 284 (54.7 %) Compare to landrace 281 (29.1%) 686 (70.9%) 238 (45.9%)
Southern China G. soja primitive population might be the progenitor of all the cultivated soybean, and the original cultivated soybean might differentiate into earlier maturity types with less sensitivity to daylength during its dissemination northward.
Released cultivars Landraces
Wild soybeans
A UPGMA tree representing the genetic relationship among all accessions based on nuclear SSR data
• Genetic diversity of the three kinds of germplasm populations
科技创新与社会发展
劳动创造世界（火、猎、耕） 科学技术是第一生产力 科技创新是现代社会发展的基石 创新: 知识提取+经济和社会收益
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科技创新与社会发展
用科学知识服务于经济发展 社会进步 生境保护 国家安全 人才培养 知识创新 创新，累积，体系，学科，效果 自然科学知识创新 论文不是终极目标，知识才是所追求 的成绩，知识得到应用才是成果。
SpPT in NEC
Genetic design of the studies
• To use a countrywide large sample of both cultivated and wild soybeans, • To use landraces with known geographic sources and without migration and cross-pollination to make sure which geographic ecotype they belong to, • To use released cultivars covering a wide time and space, • To use SSR markers covering the whole genome, • To examine both cytoplasmic and nuclear DNA with the former as the check of the latter to avoid genetic interference from cross pollination
Traits evaluated:
Total 9 morphological and agronomic characteristics Marker analysis of 15 allozyme loci RFLP analyses of cpDNA and mtDNA RAPD analyses of nuclear DNA
Features of the study:
A best representation of ecotypes of soy area From the whole soy area Typical landraces Emphasis on cytoplasmic traits to avoid genetic influence due to hybridization
Approaches of studying the origin of a cultivated species
Questions should be answered about the origin : Which wild species was from Where it was domesticated When it was domesticated Who made it domesticated What procedure was used for its domestication
Range 4-17 0.58-0.90 2-44 0.29-0.97 7-47 0.29-0.97 Range Total 519 --980 -- 1067 -Total
3-10 0.02-0.82
Two stages bottleneck of genetic diversity during the evolutionary process and potentials of emergence of new alleles
Leguminosae Papilionoideae Phaseoleae
Glycine
G. x
Glycine 22 perennial wild species
Soja G. soja
G. max
G. soja
Materials:
Glycine max (369 accessions) Northeast China Huang-Huai-Hai Valleys(early and late maturity) Southern China(early, middle and late maturity) Glycine Soja (223 accessions) Northeast China Huang-Huai-Hai Valleys Southern China
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A Discussion on Methodology for Innovation in Science and Technology 科技创新与研究理念
科技创新与社会发展 植物科学研究 科学研究的基本过程和方法 试验误差及其控制 概念、判断和推理 数据分析与论文写作 学术风气与科学道德
Comparative biological study
with wide potential in morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular aspects
Phytogenic relationship within the genus Glycine
植物科学研究
自然科学基础科学 数, 理, 化, 天, 地, 生 科学 应用科学 工, 农,医等技术与工程科学 社会科学文, 史, 哲, 法, 商, 管, 教
植物科学：自然科学，实验科学，理论/应用科学
植物科学研究
植物科学领域的科学研究
推动人们认识植物的各种现象规律 促进人们发掘新的植物生产技术和措施 从而提高植物生产水平，改进人类生存环境 达到两个“可持续性”：高产与环境
Comparisons of genetic richness and genetic dispersion expressed in nuSSR and cpSSR markers among RC, LR and WS
nuSSR Released cultivar Hi 0.79 Landrace Ai 16.3 Hi 0.86 Ai 17.6 Wild Hi 0.86 Ai Mean 8.7 cpSSR Mean Landrace Ai 4.0 3-7 44 Hi 0.22 0.09-0.44 --Ai 5.2 57 Wild Hi 0.39 ---
Materials: Released cultivars (344) Land races (393) Wild soybean (196)
Two evolutionary stages from the wild soybean to landraces, then to modern released cultivars
Discussion and tentative understanding