专题二名词1．(2018·天津卷)The possibility (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.解析：句意：在宇宙中的其他行星上可能存在生命，这一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。
考查名词。
设空处在句中作主语，故填名词。
possibility可能，可能性，其后为that引导的同位语从句。
2．(2018·江苏卷)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the assumption (assume) you've made.解析：句意：要努力去弄明白实际上正在发生的事，而不要根据自己的假设就采取行动。
根据语境和设空处前的定冠词the可知此处要用所给单词的名词形式。
assumption假定；假设。
3．(2017·江苏卷)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarilycaused by astronomical incidents. But alternative explanations (explain) are hard to find.解析：句意：恐龙灭绝未必是由天文事故造成的，但是也很难找到其他的解释。
设空处在此处作句子的主语，要用其名词形式。
根据谓语动词are可知此处要用名词的复数形式。
4．(2016·天津卷)The dictionary is out of date:_many words have been added to the language since it was published.解析：句意：这本词典过时了，自从它出版以来，这种语言已经添加了许多单词。
out of date过时。
5．(2016·江苏卷)—Can you tell us your recipe for happiness (happy) and a long life?—Living every day to the full, definitely.解析：句意：——你能告诉我们你幸福、长寿的诀窍吗？——确切地说，就是充实地度过每一天。
介词后需用名词形式，happiness 作“幸福”讲为不可数名词，故答案为happiness。
6．(2016·浙江卷)It is important to pay your electricity (electric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.解析：句意：按时交电费很重要，因为晚交电费可能会影响你的信誉。
本题考查名词作定语。
名词作定语时，常用其单数形式，故答案为electricity。
一、名词的数1．常见的不可数名词有advice, news, progress, money, furniture, fun, equipment, weather, luck, homework, housework, information, bread, medicine, clothing, wealth, equipment, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。
[点拨]word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。
What fine weather!We have got a lot of information on the Internet.2．有些名词通常只用作复数。
如：glasses 眼镜，clothes 衣服，goods 货物，trousers 裤子，belongings 所有物，wages 工资，riches 财富，surroundings 环境，ashes 灰尘，compasses 圆规，cattle 家畜，congratulations 祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits 以很高的热情，give one's regards to sb. 向某人问候，in rags 衣衫褴褛，It is good manners to do sth. 做某事有礼貌。
3．有些名词既可以作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词，但意义不同。
work “工作”(不可数名词)，“作品，著作”(可数名词)；room “空间”(不可数)，“房间”(可数)；experience “经验”(不可数)，“经历”(可数)；paper “纸”(不可数)，“论文、文件、试卷”(可数)。
Working with Tom who has a lot of work experience is a pleasant experience.二、名词的所有格1．“'s”所有格(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。
如：today's newspaper, five minutes' walk/drive, five pounds' weight。
(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。
如：the world's population, China's industry, New York's parks。
(3)表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加“'s”，如：Jane's and Mary's bikes。
(4)表示共有的所有关系时，在最后一词末尾加“'s”，如：Jane and Mary's father。
(5)表示“某人家”“某店铺”，所有格后名词常省略，如：the doctor's; the barber's。
2．“of”所有格“of”所有格修饰前面的名词，表示两个名词之间的所属关系，多用于无生命名词。
From the top of the hill, you can get a bird's view of the city.从山顶上，你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
3．双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格即“of＋名词所有格”。
a play of Shakespeare's 莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend of my wife's 我妻子的一个朋友三、名词作定语：注意名词作定语和名词所有格的意义区分。
名词作定语常用来表示以下意义：1．表示中心词的用途、功能、材料stone figures 石像，shoe shops 鞋店，coffee cups 咖啡杯2．表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼summer holidays 暑假，school education 学校教育，an evening dress 晚礼服注意：表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。
yesterday's news 昨天的消息an hour's drive 开车一小时的路程3．表示中心词的类别、对象、身份a bike key 自行车的钥匙，an animal trainer 驯兽师，a womandriver 女驾驶员4．表示中心词的内容computer studies 电脑学习，weather report 天气预报，film industry 电影工业5．表示部分与整体的关系river banks 河岸，animal bones 动物骨头，cigarette ends 烟头 注意：①名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式，且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。
two pencil-boxes, girl friends, a seven-year-old boy但是，少数的名词作定语却用复数形式，如：sports shoes 运动鞋 clothes shops 服装店a sales girl 女销售员 a greetings card 贺卡②man 和 woman 作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。
a man doctor —men doctors ；a woman engineer —women engineers6．名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别：所有格表示所属关系。
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ the girl friend 女朋友the girl's friend 那位女孩的朋友⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧the woman driver 女司机the woman's driver 那位妇女的司机 四、名词的单复数1．规则变化(1)变内部元音foot—feet 脚man—men 男人woman—women 女人tooth—teeth 牙mouse—mice 老鼠goose—geese 鹅gentleman—gentlemen 绅士(2)单复数同形的名词sheep 绵羊deer 鹿spacecraft 太空船aircraft 飞行器Chinese 中国人Japanese 日本人Swiss 瑞士人means 方法crossroads 十字路口headquarters 总部series 连续species 种类works 工厂head 头(量词)(3)外来名词的复数形式analysis—analyses 分析basis—bases 基础medium—media 媒体bacterium—bacteria 细菌criterion—criteria 标准phenomenon—phenomena 现象[点拨]①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示条数时，其复数形式与单数形式相同。
②people指“人”时是person的一种复数形式，指“民族”时其复数形式为peoples。
五、抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．A great many roofs (roof) were destroyed in the hurricane.2．There are two knives (knife) on the table.3．The medical team consists of two women (woman) doctors and three men (man) doctors.4．Tom is in low spirits (spirit) because of his failure in the exam.5．You should watch out for your safety (safe) wherever you go.6．A lot of equipment (equip) was brought in last year.7．There's a sad expression (express) on his face.8．To my relief (relieve), my son escaped from the big fire.9．Good friends should share happiness (happy) and sorrow.10．To his disappointment (disappoint), he failed to win the scholarship.11．He lost two teeth (tooth) and both of his feet (foot) in the accident.12．You must ask for your parents' permission (permit) before going out for an outing.13．His honesty (honest) got recognized.14．The loss (lose) caused by the explosion was beyond expectation (expect)．15．He is a great success (succeed) in marriage (marry)．Ⅱ.单句改错1．The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.airs改为air2．After we walked along the bank for forty minute, we reached theHappy Valley.minute改为minutes3．It is necessary that one should eat various kind of healthy food such as fish, eggs, vegetables and fruits.kind改为kinds4．As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.friend改为friends5．My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.side改为sides6．Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work.troubles改为trouble7．It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.luggages改为luggage8．The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trust each other.mean改为means9．We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.time 改为times10．We were touched by such an act of kind on a hot day.kind改为kindnessⅢ.语篇填空It was late at night. Two __1__(German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three __2__ (thousand) dollars in her pocket. “What should I do? Many __3__ (thief) usually bring __4__ (knife) with them，” she thought in __5__ (silent). And at the same time the thief happened to touch a __6__ (sport) suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two __7__ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he waslooking for __8__ (money) or some __9__ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs Green woke up her husband quickly and called the __10__ (policeman). And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs Green, it was really an unusual experience.1．Germans 2.thousand 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence6．sports 7.Frenchmen 8.money 9.jewels/jewelry10．policemenⅣ.短文改错A big storm destroyed two villages in South Africa on last Friday, causing 4 death. Over 200 people became homeless as a result of the storm. A farmer said the storm began early in the morning and last one hour. He said, “I was in the kitchen with my wife and children while we heard a loud noise. A few minutes late, our house fell down. I managed to climb out, but much to my shocking, one of my boys were missing. I quickly went back i nside and found them safe but frightened.” Soldiers came to rescue those burying under the ruins, and the government provided food, clothes, and shelters for homeless.答案A big storm destroyed two villages in South Africa on last Friday, causing 4 death deaths. Over 200 people became homeless as a result of thestorm. A farmer said the storm began early in the morning and last lastedonehour. He said, “I was in the kitchen with my wife and children while whenwe heard a loud noise. A few minutes late later， our house fell down. Imanaged to climb out, but much to my shocking shock ， one of my boys were wasmissing. I quickly went back inside and found themsafe but frightened.”himSoldiers came to rescue those buryingunder the ruins, and theburiedgovernment provided food, clothes, and shelters for ∧homeless.the。