西概期末复习题1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses, they are①Excellence oftaste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. ②An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning . ③The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Characteristics of Culture are ①It is based on symbols. ②Culture is shared. ③Culture islearned. ④Culture is adaptive.3.The origins of Western culture ——“three pillars” are①Ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy) ②the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law) ③Catholic and ProtestantChristianity.4.Greece is a country in southeastern Europe.5.The civilization of ancient Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization.6.Classical Greek Athenian philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Xenophon.7.Principle Figures in Greek mythology are①Gods ②Mortals ③Heroes.8.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and goddesses dwelling on MountOlympus.9.Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianityspread to the Americas and the rest of the world.10.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at leastsince the 4th century.11.God is usually held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience,omnibenevolence, omnipresence and immortality.12.God is believed to be transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside time, andtherefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within his creation.13.The account of Adam and Eve is in the Book of Genesis.14.Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating the fruit of Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil,which gave them the ability to judge and know good from evil for themselves.15.In Christian theology, the death of Jesus on the cross is the antidote to the sin of Adam.16.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true God and true man".17.According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit andborn from the Virgin Mary.18.According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, buried withina tomb, and rose from the dead three days later.19.Jesus Christ is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin and eternal death.20.The three principal traditions within Christianity are Protestantism, Roman Catholicism andEastern Orthodoxy.21.Protestantism is associated with the belief that the Bible is the final source of authority forChristians.22.Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternallyco-existing persons; the Father, the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.23.Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts: the OldTestament and the New Testament, as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by human authors under the inspiration of Holy Spirit, and therefore for many it is held to be the inerrant word of salvation.24.The Old Testament is about God and the laws of God, and the New Testament is about thedoctrines of Jesus Christ. The Word “Testament” means“agreement” or “covenant”.25.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the“Five Books” of Moses: Genesis, Exodus,Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.26.The Torah contains the Ten Commandments, of God, revealed at Mount Sinai.27.Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewardedeither with eternal life or eternal damnation.28.Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of the time.29.In Christianity, baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted asa full member of the Christian Church.30.The crucifix is a cross with a representation of Jesus'body, or corpus. It is a principalsymbol of the Christian religion.31.Zeus is the god of sky, the supreme god, and the father of both gods and men.32.Hera is the queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage and family, theprotectress of married women and their legal children.33.Poseidon is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, and the god of earthquakes andtsunamis.34.Hades /Pluto is the god of the underworld.35.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.36.Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty.37.Apolloe is the sun god, the god of music, and a god of prophecy.38.Artemis is the moon goddess, the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest, thegoddess of hunting, and the protectress of huntsmen.39.Hephaestus is the god of fire, the patron god of metal-smiths.40.Hermes is the messenger of gods, a messenger god, the god of roads and doorways, theprotector of travelers, and the guide for the dead to Hades.41.Hestia is goddess of the hearth, the goddess of home and family, and a guardian of homes.42.Dionysus is the god of wine and ecstasy.43.The Iliad, an epic poem by Greek poet Homer, tells the story of the Trojan War.44.At Olympia, the Olympic Games were celebrated in honor of Zeus every fourth year.45.Odyssey is a story after the Trojan War. Odysseus returned to his faithful wife, Penelope,Agamemnon returned to be murdered by his faithless wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover.46.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.47.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.48.“The golden apple” refers to the things that give rise to conflicts and strife.49.“Achilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.50.“Trojan horse” means a trap intended to undermine an enemy, or subversion from inside.51.Jesus Christ's traditional birthday is celebrated as Christmas Day around the world, onDecember 25.52.In Christianity, baptism is for the majority the rite of admission (or adoption), almostinvariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also membership of a particular church tradition.53.Scouting is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people intheir physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society.54.Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of wedding vows by the couple,presentation of a gift (offering, ring(s), symbolic item, flowers, money), and a publicproclamation of marriage by an authority figure or leader.55.The groom’s family will pay the rehearsal feast and other accessories.56.The bride’s family will pay the wedding fees.57.Modern wedding customs and traditions can be dated back to the Middle Ages.58.Modern Valentine symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of thewinged Cupid.59.Passover celebrates the Exodus, the freedom from slavery of the Children of Israel fromancient Egypt that followed the Ten Plagues.60.Egg is widely used as a symbol of the start of new life, just as new life emerges from an eggwhen the chick hatches out.61.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31.62.Carnival typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some elements of acircus, mask and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during thecelebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.63.Westerners are in such a contradiction that they believe in both the science and God.64.Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one event leads to the cause ofanother without any process in the physical world linking the two events.65.In western superstitions,①Black Friday ②the 13th ③Walk under a Ladder ④Break aMirror ⑤Black Cats can’t bring good luck.66.Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence(generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person.67.A good building should satisfy the 3 principles: Durability, Utility, Beauty.68.Structuralism, a modern intellectual movement that analyses cultural phenomenaaccording to principles derived from linguistics, emphasizing the systematicinterrelationships among the elements of any human activity, and thus the abstract codes and conventions governing the social production of meanings.69.Deconstruction is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967book Of Grammatology.70.Psychoanalysis is a psychological and psychotherapeutic theory conceived in the late 19thand early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.71.Vampires are mythological creatures said to survive by feeding on the blood of animals andhumans.72.Vampire symbolizes the renewal of life.73.Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one event leads to the cause ofanother without any process in the physical world linking the two events.74.Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which uselocally available resources and traditions to address local needs and circumstances.75.The Tower of Babel, according to the Book of Genesis, was an enormous tower built in theplain of Shinar.76.According to the biblical account, a united humanity of the generations following the GreatFlood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar.77.The phrase "The Tower of Babel" does not actually appear in the Bible; it is always, "thecity and its tower", or just“the city".78.Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and theonly one to remain largely intact.79.The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million limestone blocks with most believedto have been transported from nearby quarries.80.When looked from the outside, the great pyramids point to the sky at the top whichresembles a “ladder to heaven”.81.The top of the Doric column is a simple square.82.There is no base at the bottom of Doric column.83.A Doric column is straight and has 20 small sides.84.Ionic column is more slender and decorative than Doric column.paring the major styles of Greek columns, the most slender one is the Corinthiancolumn.86.The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greekgoddess Athena.87.The Colosseum, or the Coliseum is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city ofRome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire.88.Colosseum can hold 50,000 to 80,000 people.89.The gladiators in the show in Colosseum were mainly slaves.90.A characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportionto its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven.91.Medieval stained glass is the coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe from the 10thcentury to the 16th century.92.According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baroque is derived from thePortuguese word "barroco", Spanish "barroco", or French "baroque", all of which refer to a“rough or imperfect pearl ".93.What are the distinctive features of Baroque architecture?①broader naves and sometimesgiven oval forms ②broader naves and sometimes given oval forms ③dramatic use of light ④opulent use of colour and ornaments or figures ⑤large-scale ceiling frescoes ⑥an externalfaçade often characterized by a dramatic central projection ⑦the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco ⑧illusory effects li ke trompe l’oeil and the blending of painting andarchitecture94.Rococo style took pleasure in asymmetry, a taste that was new to European style. Thispractice of leaving elements unbalanced for effect is called contraste.95.What are the ideals of the International Style which are commonly summed up in threeslogans? They are ornament is a crime, truth to materials, form follows function.96.Deconstruction is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967book Of Grammatology.97.Ferdinand de Saussure argued that words are signs in that they consist of twosides—langue/parole and signifier/signified.98.Sigmund Freud proposed the mental processes could be divided into three parts: the id,the ego, and the superego.99.Many psychological concepts were first proposed by Carl Jung, which is excluded?thearchetype, the collective unconscious, the complex, synchronicity.100.The anthropological origins of archetypal criticism can pre-date its psychoanalytic origins by over thirty years.The Golden Bough, written by the Scottish anthropologist Sir James George Frazer, was the first influential text dealing with cultural mythologies. 101.Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women.102.Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States.103.Rock 'n' roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music.104.“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” was written by Albert Einstein.。