a simple set of symbols in our transcription, a broad transcription. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail, a narrow transcription. Both phonetic transcriptions, both forms in square brackets [ ].
A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. Broad transcription — used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] Narrow transcription — used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]
English vowels: Monophthongs or pure/single vowels Diphthongs /ˈd ɪfθɔŋ/ or gliding vowels
According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:
Rounded: [u:], [u], [C:], [C] Unrounded: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B], [E:], [E], [Q], [B:]
front high i:
I
central
back
ʊ e
з:
u:
mid-high
ə
ʌ æ
ɔ:
mid-low
ɑ:
ɒ
戴炜栋，何兆熊，《新编简明英语语 言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社。 胡壮麟，《语言学教程》，北京大学 出版社。 刘润清，《西方语言学流派》，外语 教学与研究出版社。
15 % Attendance 35 % Assignment and Presentation 50 % Examination
phoneme phonological unit distinctive of meaning abstract marked with / / realizntify phonemes?
Crystal: „Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not‟. Minimal pairs test
Pharyngeal[færɪn'dʒɪːl] cavity — the throat; Oral cavity — the mouth; Nasal cavity — the nose.
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar[æl'vɪələ]) 4. Hard palate ['pælət] 5. Soft palate (velum ['vɪːləm]) 6. Uvula /ˈju ːvjʊlə/ 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. Pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
English speech sounds: Vowels Consonants
In the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is language-specific.
Definition Phoneme Rules of Phonology Suprasegmental (Features)
Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Bilabial /baɪˈle ɪbiəl/; Labiodental; Dental or interdental; Alveolar/ˈælviˈəulə/ ; Palatal/ ˈpælətl /; Velar; Uvular; Glottal.
Phonetics Phonology
Definition Organs of Speech Classification of English Speech Sounds
A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning.
English consonants classified according to two dimensions: The manner of articulation The place of articulation
1. Stops/Plosives - six bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure. 2. Fricatives - nine fricatives - weak or strong friction noises produced when the articulators are close enough together to cause turbulence in the airflow. 3. Affricates - two affricates - plosives released with frication . 4. Nasals - three nasals in which the airflow is blocked completely at some point in the oral tract, but in which the lowering of the velum allows a weak flow of energy to pass through the nose. 5. Approximants - four approximants - the 'w' in "won", the 'l' in "like", the 'r' in "red", and the 'y' in "yes." In these phonemes, there is more constriction in the vocal tract than for the vowels, but less than the other consonant categories below.
The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds — sounds that convey meaning in human communication.