术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1. Design features of Ianguage （语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness （任意性），Duality （二层性 /二重性），Creativity （创造性 /原创性）， Displacement （移位性）,Cultural transmission （文化传播），Interchangeability （可 互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 conative 劝慰功能 phatic 寒暄功能 ideational function 概念功能textual function 语篇 /文本功能Performative Function （施为功能）， Phatic communion （寒暄交谈），3. Phonetics 语音学）， Morphology （形态学） ，Semantics （语义学），Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Socioli nguistics 社会语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学 Neurolinguistics 神经语言学 emotive 情感功能 metalingual function 元语言功能 in terpers onal function 人际功能 Informative （信息 /告知功能）， Emotive Function （情感功能） ， Recreational Function （娱乐功能）， Pho no logy （音系/音位学）； Syntax （句法学）；Pragmatics （语用学） Acoustic pho netics 声学语音学 Psycholi nguistics 心理语言学 Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 Applied linguistics 应用语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachr onic 共时和历时 Lan gue vs. parole 语言和言语Compete nee vs. performa nce§言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道 （res on at ing cavities 共鸣腔），phary nx 咽腔,oral cavity 口腔 and n asal cavity 鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs 肺,windpipe （trachea ）气管，vocal folds 声带, larynx 喉,epiglottis 会厌，次声门,pharynx 咽,uvula 小舌,hard palate 硬腭, soft palate 软腭,alveolar ridge 齿龈6. Consonants and vowels （辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation 发音方式B. Places of articulation 发音位置7. Stop （or plosive ）爆破音 Fricative 摩擦音 Approximant 近似音 Lateral （approximant ）边音 Affricates 塞擦音,trill 颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Postal veolar 后齿龈音 Retroflex 卷舌音 Velar 软腭音 Uvular 小舌音, pharyngeal 咽音 monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs 双元音 Lax vowels 短元音 Tensed vowels 长元音 8. Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation 先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation 后滞协同发音. broad tran scriptio n 宽式标音 narrow tran scripti on 严式标音9. minimal pairs 最小对立体 Phoneme 音位phon emic tran scripti ons 音位转写 phon etic tran scripti ons 语音转写phones 音子 alloph ones 音位变体 compleme ntary distributi on 互补分布 Alveolar 齿龈音Palatal 硬腭音glottal 声门音triphthongs 三元音phonetic similarity 发音近似性 Free variation 自 由变体assimilation 同化 regressive assimilation 逆同化progressive assimilatio n 顺同化 phono logical rule 音系规则 Epen thesis 增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features 区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions 向心结构和离心结构subord in ate and coord in ate 从 属和并歹 UThe refere ntial theory 指 称理论 Sema ntic tria ngle 语义三角Sense and referenee 涵义和指称Synonymy 同义关系 Antonymy 反义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系Polysemy 一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms 风格同义词 Collocati onal synonyms 搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term 覆盖项Marked vs. unm arked terms 标记项和非标记项compleme ntary antonymy 互补反义关系 con verse antonymy 逆向反义关系homoph on es:同音异义词 homographs :同形异义词 complete homonyms sema ntic comp onents 语义部分术语解释1. Design feature 的定义：the defining （最典型的，起决定作用的） properties ofhuma n Ian guage that disti nguish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on.2. Synchronic 共时：It refers to the description of a Ianguage at some point oftime in history.3. Diachronic 历时：It studies the development or history of Ianguage. In otherwords, it refers to the description of a Ianguage as it changes through time .4. prescriptive 规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for “ correctand standard ” behavior in using Ianguage5. descriptive 描写式:A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyzethe Ian guage people actually use6. Arbitrariness （任意性）：By saying that “Ianguages arbitrary we,mean thatthere is no logical connection betwee n meaning and sound.7. Duality （二层性 /二重性）：it means that Ianguage is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displaceme nt （移位性）：it mean s that Ian guage can be used to com muni Con ceptual meaning^既念意义 Associative mea ning:联想意义 Conno tative meaning 内涵意义 Affectivemeaning 情感意义Collocative meaning 搭配意deno tati on:Social meaning 社会意义 Reflected meaning 反射意义 Thematic meaning 主位意conno tati on:cate about things that are not prese nt in our immediate com muni catio nal con text.pete nee 语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker ' s kno wledge of the un derly ingsystem of rules in a Ian guage.10.Performance 语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by aspeaker in a real communicational context.ngue 语言: it refers to the speaker 'usnderstanding and knowledge of thelanguage that he speaks.12.Parole 言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13.Cultural transmission （文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details ofthe linguistic system must be learned ane（w 重新，再）by each speaker.Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14.Phatic communion （寒暄交谈）：it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges thathave little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15.Pho netics（语音学）:it is the study of the characteristics of speechsoundsand provides methods for their description, classification andtranscription.16.Vowels 元音：the sounds in the product ion of which no articulators come veryclose together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction.17.Consonants 辅音：The sounds in the producti on of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal trac.t18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use aselection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19.Phoneme音位:the smallest unit of sound in a Ianguage which can distinguishtwo words.20.Allophone 音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all thecharacteristics of a neighboring sound.22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.plementary distribution 互补分布: when two sounds never occur in the sameenvironment, they are in complementary distribution.24.Free variation 自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment donot contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not producea different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word,then the two sounds are in free variation.25.Distinctive features 区别特征： A phonetic feature which distinguishes onephonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26.minimal pairs 最小对立体- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27.vowel glides 滑音:The vowels involving movement from one sound to another arecalled vowel glides.28.Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none ofthem is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions orproperties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguisticrelationships betwee n words and expressi ons and the world they describe 具体的物质性的东西）33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of alexical element in terms of semantic components 语义部分.35.Sense:it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold betweenlinguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36.Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, wordsand sentences in particular.37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the sameform, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39.Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper termin this senserelation is called superordinate 上义词, and the lower terms, hyponyms 下义词,members of the same class are callecb-hyponyms.。