第1章国土、人民与历史1.1 复习笔记I. Geography and land1. Geography2. Weather3. Wildlife—unique flora and fauraII. Environmental issues1. Environmental problems2. Environmental responsibilityIII. The New Zealanders1. Population2. Language3. Human rights4. Standard of livingIV. Maoritanga1. Definition2. Legends about Maui3. Maori society4. Race relations5. Maori languageV. History1. First settlers of the Islands2. European navigators3. Maori and Pakeha4. The Post-war yearsI. Geography, and land（地理和国土）1. Geography（地理）(1)Three largest islands（三大岛屿）①Situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is a long group of islands, which is made up of the North Island and the South Island.②Stewart Island is the third largest island.①新西兰是位于太平洋西南部的岛国，其中最大的两个岛屿是北岛与南岛。
②斯图尔特岛是新西兰的第三大岛。
(2)The North Island（北岛）①The North Island is famous for volcanoes and the thermal region.②Both Auckland, the country’s largest urban area, and Wellington, the capital, are located on the island.①北岛以火山及温泉区闻名于世。
②新西兰最大的城市奥克兰以及首都惠灵顿都位于北岛。
(3)The South Island（南岛）①The Southern Alps runs almost the full length of the South Island.②Mt. Cook, in the southern part of the Alps, is the highest mountain in New Zealand.①南阿尔卑斯山位于南岛。
②全国最高峰库克山位于阿尔卑斯山南部。
(4)Landform and forest（地形和森林）①There are fertile lowlands in both islands and rolling plains in South Canterbury and Hawkes Bay.②Now only about 30% of the country is forested, compared with 80% before the Maori arrived.①北岛和南岛均有肥沃的低地，在南坎特伯雷和霍克斯湾有起伏的平原。
②在毛利人到来之前，新西兰的森林覆盖率达80%，而现在的森林覆盖率只有大约30%。
2. Weather（天气）(1)New Zealand, in the southern temperate latitudes, has a maritime climate.(2)The prevailing wind is westerly; many parts of the country have extremes of wind and rain.(3)Many microclimates exist in particularly sheltered or exposed places.(1)新西兰位于南半球，属温带海洋性气候。
(2)新西兰主要风向为西风，大部分地区有强风及大雨。
(3)新西兰一些地区存在微气候。
3. Wildlife—unique flora and fauna（独特的动、植物群）(1)Many native birds and plants, insects, spiders and snails, and all native earth worms, are found only in New Zealand.(2)Large flightless birds include the Kakapo, a large parrot, and the kiwi, which means a New Zealander in colloquial English.(3)There are no snakes, but some other reptile species like the tuatara.(1)新西兰有许多独特的鸟类、植物、昆虫、蜘蛛、蜗牛以及蚯蚓。
(2)鹦与几维鸟是两种体型较大而无飞行能力的鸟类，前者是鹦鹉的一种，后者在英语口语中用来指新西兰人。
(3)新西兰没有蛇，但有其他爬行动物，比如斑点槭齿蜥。
II. Environmental issues（环境议题）1. Environmental problems（环境问题）(1)Biodiverdity（生物多样性）Introduced animals such as cats, dogs, ferrets and opossums have seriously affected native fauna and their habitat and some species are even extinct.外来动物如猫、狗、雪貂和负鼠科动物严重影响了当地动物群及其生存环境，有一些当地物种甚至灭绝。
(2) Pollution and flood damage（污染和洪水危害）There exists pollution of rivers and lakes in New Zealand. Also, clearing of forests and changed weather patterns have led to more flood damage.新西兰河流和湖泊受到一定污染，并且森林砍伐和气候变化导致的更多洪水灾害。
(3)Ozone depletion（臭氧消耗）The ozone hole does not cover New Zealand but, since 1980, year round ozone levels have declined by about 6% because of global ozone depletion.新西兰上空并没有臭氧空洞，但从20世纪80年代起，全球臭氧消耗导致新西兰全年臭氧浓度下降了约6%。
2. Environmental responsibility（环境责任）(1) New Zealanders are keen to take environmental responsibility on an individual basis, as well as nationally and internationally.(2)The Resource Management Act①The Resource Management Act came into effect in 1991, which reflects New Zealanders’ environmental awareness.②As the first environmental legislation in the world, it focuses on the effects of human activities on the environment.③Laws governing land, air and water resources are brought together to promote the sustainable management of national and physical resources.④Agenda 21 passed at the “Earth Summit” in 1992 was modeled after the Act.(1)无论是在个人，国家还是国际上，新西兰人环境保护意识强烈。
(2)资源管理法①资源管理法于1991年生效，反映了新西兰人强烈的环境意识。
②该法是世界上第一个环境立法，重点是检查人类活动对环境的影响。
③在资源管理法中，管理土地、空气以及水资源的法规被汇集在一起，用于促进对国家物质资源的可持续管理。
④1992年地球峰会通过的21世纪议程以该法为模板。
III. The New Zealanders（新西兰人）1. Population（人口）(1)Population distribution（人口分布）About 85% of New Zealanders live in cities and towns, and about 74% live in the North Island.约85%的新西兰人居住在城市或城镇，约74%的新西兰人居住在北岛。
(2)Components（构成）①About 80% of New Zealanders think they have European ancestry.②Maori, about 15% in 2001, is the next largest population group. The Ministry of Maori Development facilitates and supports Maori achievements in some key areas.③People from the Pacific Islands make up about 5% of the population. The Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs helps them to achieve their aspirations.④9% identified themselves as Asian in 2006, including significant groups of Chinese and India people.①约80%的新西兰人认为自己的祖先来自欧洲。