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段开成旅游管理专业英语Lesson
• In 44 bc Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman leader who ruled the Roman Republic as a dictator, was assassinated.
• The Roman Republic, which had lasted nearly 500 years, was dead, never to be revived. The empire would endure for another 500 years until ad 476.
• The Shang state was centered in the Yellow River Valley of the North China Plain.
Between 350 and 400 B. C.
The Greeks recognized management as a separate art and advocated a scientific approach to work.
The classical period
Adam Smith – Systematic management – Scientific management – Administrative management – Human relations – Bureaucracy
The contemporary approaches to management
• The Shang civilization left China’s earliest-known written records, in the form of inscriptions etched in objects of bone and bronze.
• The inscriptions document the dynastic succession of the Shang kings, as well as many features of the Bronze Age culture of the Shang.
• The most famous period of ancient Greek civilization is called the Classical Age, which lasted from about 480 to 323 B.C.
• The city-states fell to Roman conquerors in 146 bc.
Ancient Greece
• Civilization that thrived around the Mediterranean Sea from the 3rd millennium to the 1st century B.C., known for advances in philosophy, architecture, drama, government, and science.
The Chinese practiced the four management functions ― planning, organizing and staffing, leading, and controlling.
The Shang Dynasty
(1523-1027 BC)
• Was China’s first historical dynasty.
The End
History of Management
• Around 1100 B.C. • Between 350 and 400 B. C • The Romans • During the medieval times • Trial-and-error • As a formal discipline • Economies of scale • Mass production
Roman Empire
• The empire included lands empire lasted until Germanic invasions, economic decline, and internal unrest in the 4th and 5th centuries ad ended Rome’s ability to dominate such a huge territory.
• The classical approaches disadvantage • Quantitative management • Organizational behavior • System theory • The contingency perspective
Around 1100 B.C.
段开成旅游管理专业英语Lesson
Evolution of Management
Lesson One
Text Evolution of Management Exercises Further Reading
Case Study of Boeing Company Terms
Synergy Delphi analysis Profile
• The Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
The Romans
Decentralized the management of their vast empire both before and after the birth of Christ.
Henri Fayol References
• History of Management • The classical period • The contemporary approaches to management • Three key directions for management theory