第1章 函数与极限总结1、极限的概念(1)数列极限的定义给定数列{x n },若存在常数a ,对于任意给定的正数ε (不论它多么小), 总存在正整数N , 使得对于n >N 时的一切n , 恒有|x n-a |<ε 则称a 是数列{x n }的极限, 或者称数列{x n }收敛于a , 记为a x n n =∞→lim 或xn →a (n→∞).(2)函数极限的定义设函数f (x)在点x 0的某一去心邻域内(或当0x M >>)有定义,如果存在常数A , 对于任意给定的正数ε (不论它多么小), 总存在正数δ,(或存在X ) 使得当x满足不等式0<|x -x0|<δ 时,(或当x X >时) 恒有 |f (x)-A |<ε ,那么常数A就叫做函数f (x)当0x x →(或x →∞)时的极限, 记为A x f x x =→)(lim 0或f (x )→A (当x →x0).(或lim ()x f x A →∞=)类似的有:如果存在常数A ,对0,0,εδ∀>∃>当00:x x x x δ-<<(00x x x δ<<-)时,恒有()f x A ε-<,则称A 为()f x 当0x x →时的左极限(或右极限)记作00lim ()(lim ())x x x x f x A f x A -+→→==或显然有0lim ()lim ()lim ())x x x x x x f x A f x f x A -+→→→=⇔==如果存在常数A ,对0,0,X ε∀>∃>当()x X x X <->或时,恒有()f x A ε-<,则称A 为()f x 当x →-∞(或当x →+∞)时的极限 记作lim ()(lim ())x x f x A f x A →-∞→+∞==或显然有lim ()lim ()lim ())x x x f x A f x f x A →∞→-∞→+∞=⇔==2、极限的性质 (1)唯一性若a x n n =∞→lim ,lim n n x b →∞=,则a b =若0()lim ()x x x f x A →∞→=0()lim ()x x x f x B →∞→=,则A B =(2)有界性(i)若a x n n =∞→lim ,则0M ∃>使得对,n N+∀∈恒有n x M ≤(i i)若0lim ()x x f x A →=,则0M ∃>当0:0x x x δ<-<时,有()f x M ≤(ii i)若lim ()x f x A →∞=,则0,0M X ∃>>当x X >时,有()f x M ≤(3)局部保号性(i )若a x n n =∞→lim 且0(0)a a ><或则N N +∃∈,当n N >时,恒有0(0)n n x x ><或(ii )若0lim ()x x f x A →=,且0(0)A A ><或,则0δ∃>当0:0x x x δ<-<时,有()0(()0)f x f x ><或3、极限存在的准则(i )夹逼准则 给定数列{},{},{}n n n x y z若①0,n N +∃∈当0n n >时有n n n y x z ≤≤②lim lim n n n n y z a →∞→∞==,则lim n n x a →∞=给定函数(),(),()f x g x h x ,若①当00(,)x U x r ∈(或x X >)时,有()()()g x f x h x ≤≤ ②00()()lim ()lim ()x x x x x x g x h x A →∞→∞→→==,则0()lim ()x x x f x A →∞→=(ii)单调有界准则给定数列{}n x ,若①对n N +∀∈有11()n n n n x x x x ++≤≥或②()M m ∃使对n N +∀∈有()n n x M x m ≤≥或则lim n n x →∞存在若()f x 在点0x 的左侧邻域(或右侧邻域)单调有界,则0lim ()x x f x -→(或0lim ()x x f x +→)存在4、极限的运算法则(1)若0()lim ()x x x f x A →∞→=,0()lim ()x x x g x B →∞→=则(i)0()lim [()()]x x x f x g x A B →∞→±=±(ii)0()lim [()()]x x x f x g x A B →∞→⋅=⋅(ii i)0()()lim()x x x f x Ag x B→∞→=⋅(0B ≠) (2)设(i)00()lim ()x x u g x g x u →==且(ii )当00(,)x U x δ∈时0()g x u ≠(iii )0lim ()u u f u A →=则0lim [()]lim ()x x u u f g x f u A →→==5、两个重要极限(1)0sin lim1x xx →=()0sin ()lim1()u x u x u x →=sin lim0x x x ∞→=,1lim sin 1x x x →∞=,01lim sin 0x x x→=(2)1lim 1xx e x →∞⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭)()(1lim 1;()x u u x e u x →∞⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭1lim(1)xx x e→+=()()01()lim 1();v x x v v x e →+=6、无穷小量与无穷大量的概念(1)若0()lim()0x x x x α→∞→=,即对0,0,εδ∀>∃>当0:0x x x δ<-<(或x X >)时有()x αε<,则称当0()()x x x x α→→∞或,无穷小量(2)若0()lim ()x x x f x →∞→=∞即对0,0(0),M X δ∀>∃>>或当0:0x x x δ<-<(或x X >)时有()f x M>则称当0()()x x x f x →→∞或,无穷大量7、无穷小量与有极限的量及无穷大量的关系,无穷小量的运算法则 (1)00()()lim ()()(),lim()0x x x x x x f x A f x A x x αα→∞→∞→→=⇔=+=其中(2)00()()1lim ()0()0lim()x x x x x x f x f x f x →∞→∞→→=≠⇒=∞() (3)00()()1lim ()lim0()x x x x x x g x g x →∞→∞→→=∞⇒= (4)0()lim ()0,x x x f x M →∞→=∞∃>且当0:0x x x δ<-<(或x X >)时有()g x M ≤,则0()lim [()()]x x x f x g x →∞→+=∞(5)0()lim ()00,x x x f x M →∞→=∃>且当0:0x x x δ<-<(或x X >)时有()g x M ≤,则0()lim [()()]0x x x f x g x →∞→⋅=(6)0()lim ()0(1,2,,)k x x x f x k n →∞→==则01()lim()0,nkx k x x fx →∞=→=∑01()lim()0,nkx k x x fx →∞=→=∏8、无穷小量的比较000()()()lim ()0,lim ()0,lim ()0→∞→∞→∞→→→===x x x x x x x x x f x g x x α若(1)0()()lim0,()x x x f x C g x →∞→=≠,则称当0()x x x →→∞或时,()f x 与()g x 是同阶无穷小。
(2)0()()lim1()x x x f x g x →∞→=,则称当0()x x x →→∞或时,()f x 与()g x 是等价无穷小,记作()()f x g x (0()x x x →→∞或)。
(3)0()()lim0()x x x f x g x →∞→=,则称当0()x x x →→∞或时,()f x 是()g x 是高阶无穷小,记作()(())f x o g x =(0()x x x →→∞或)。
(4)0M ∃>00(,)x U x δ∀∈(或x X >),有()()f x Mg x ≤,则记()(())f x O g x =(0()x x x →→∞或) (5)0()()lim0(0)[()]kx x x f x C k x α→∞→=≠>,则称当0()x x x →→∞或时,()f x 是()x α是k阶无穷小,9、常用的等价无穷小当0x →时,有(1)sin ~~arcsin ~tan ~arctan ~ln(1)~1,+-xx x x x x x e (2)211cos ~.2x x -(3)1~ln (01),x a x a a -<≠(4)(1)1~+-x x αα 10、函数连续的概念 (1) 函数连续的定义设()y f x =在点0x 及其邻域()U x 内有定义,若(i)000lim lim[()()]0x x y f x x f x ∆→∆→∆=+∆-=或(i i)00lim ()()x x f x f x →=或(iii)0,0,εδ∀>∃>当0:x x x δ-<时,有0()().f x f x ε-< 则称函数()y f x =在点0x 处连续设()y f x =在点00(,]x x δ-内有定义,若00lim ()()x x f x f x -→=,则称函数()y f x =在点0x 处左连续,设()y f x =在点00[,)x x δ+内有定义,若00lim ()()x x f x f x +→=,则称函数()y f x =在点0x 处右连续若函数()y f x =在(,)a b 内每点都连续,则称函数()y f x =在(,)a b 内连续若函数()y f x =在(,)a b 内每点都连续,且lim ()()x af x f a +→=,lim ()()x bf x f b -→=,则称函数()y f x =在[,]a b 上连续,记作()[,]f x C a b ∈ (2) 函数的间断点设()y f x =在点0x 的某去心邻域()oU x 内有定义 若函数()y f x =: (i)在点0x 处没有定义(ii )虽然在0x 有定义, 但0lim x x →f(x )不存在;(3)虽然在0x 有定义且0lim x x →f (x )存在, 但0lim x x →f (x )≠f (0x );则函数f (x )在点0x 为不连续, 而点0x 称为函数f (x )的不连续点或间断点。