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南京大学天体物理学课件第五章
v 1 (v )v 2 v P t
Φ —Roche势(包含引力和离心力的贡献)
GM1 GN2 1 2 (r ) ( r ) | s1 | | s2 | 2 s1 r r1 s2 r r2
(3) 双星的Kopal分类 根据双星中的一颗或两颗子星是 否充满洛希瓣,可以将双星分为 不相接双星 (detached binaries): 两颗子星均未充满洛希瓣,
半相接双星 (semidetached binaries):一颗子星充满洛希瓣, 如天琴β,
相接双星 (contact binaries):两颗 子星均充满洛希瓣,如大熊W。
中子星
~10%
黑洞
~10% -42%
核反应 (H燃烧)
~0.7%
3. 分类和观测特征
低质量X射线双星
高质量X射线双星
High-Mass X-ray Binaries
Donor star has early spectral type (O, B), M>10M⊙
HMXBs are usually X-ray pulsars
2. 双星中的物质传输
(1) 星风传输(不相接、半相接双星) 大质量恒星在演化过程中通常有强烈的星风。 (2) 洛希瓣渗溢 (Roche-lobe overflow)(半 相接、相接双星) 形成吸积盘 (accretion disk)
3. 大陵 (Algol) 佯谬 (1)大陵五(英仙β) 轨道周期2.867天
§5.2 激变变星
1. 激变变星 (cataclysmic variables ) 白矮星与红矮星构成的半相接双星。 白矮星通过吸积伴星的物质产生辐射。
轨道周期分布在几十 分钟至数天,在2至3 小时间有一个明显的 间隙
分类
NonMagnetic white dwarf binaries B<0.1-1 MG 新星 (novae)、再发新星 (recurrent novae)、类新星变 星 (nova-like variables) 和矮新 星 (dwarf novae) 等 B ~ 1-10 MG Intermediate Polars (DQ Her stars)
For example, material from the 1966 explosion of T Pyxidis is illustrated in collision with debris from a 1944 eruption.
Cycles of nova shell collisions create concentric circles of gaseous knots.
r → 在 r1 和 2 处Roche势取极小值
(2) 洛希瓣 (Roche lobe)
临界等势面:同时包络两颗子星并且 相接于其间一点(L1)的等势面。
洛希瓣:由临界等势面包围的空间。 在L1(内拉格朗日) 点,两颗子星对物 质产生的作用力正 好相等,Roche势 达极大值。 当子星充满洛希瓣 后,在内拉格朗日 附近的物质处于不 稳定状态,受到小 扰动就会流向伴星, 产生物质交流。
§5.3 X射线双星
1. X射线双星 (X-ray binaries) 由致密星(中子星或黑洞) 与正常恒星组成的双星系统。 致密星通过吸积伴星物质产 生X射线辐射。
X-ray Astronomy
On the 18th day of June, 1962, the Aerobee sounding rocket began to sweep the sky, looking at our Moon. What?! X-rays from the MOON???? The Moon shines by reflected light of the Sun, so a certain fraction of the Sun's x-rays will be reflected off the lunar surface, back toward the Earth, and the rocket.
X-ray Astronomy
The signal was real, not an equipment malfunction, and not from the Moon. It was from a cosmic source (Sco X-1) of X-rays of truly staggering proportions.
X-ray Astronomy
An enormous spike appeared on the chart recorder! The spike, seen over and over again, was not from the Moon at all, but actually came from another part of the sky, about 25 degrees away.
X-ray Astronomy
The Moon in X-ray Light taken by ROSAT
X-ray Observatories
Uhuru
Einstein
ROSAT
ASCA
RXTE
BeppoSAX
Chandra
XMM-Newton
The X-ray Sky
Chandra Sky Map
2. X射线辐射
(1) 能源
吸积物质引力势能→动能→热能→X射线辐射 GMM Lx Mc 2 其中 M 为吸积率,R为引力半径 R (2) 产能率
GM 能量转换效率 Rc 2 (仅与天体的致密程度有关)
对中子星和黑洞,吸积是最为有效的产能形式
吸积天体
产能率η
白矮星
~0.01%
等势面: Φ(r) = 常数的曲面族
等势面的特点: 1) 垂直于本地的有效重力方向,是等压强面和等密 度面 2) 等势面的形状取决于子星质量比,大小取决于双 星距离
3) 当r >> a时,等势面是圆形,圆心在公共质心处
4) 当r →R时,等势面是圆形,圆心在子星的质心 处(物质的运动主要受较近恒星的引力控制)
hundred to a few thousand km/s.
(3) 再发新星
观测到不止一次类似新星爆发的激变变星。 典型的爆发间隔约10-100年。
T Pyxidis 爆发间隔约20年
The first wave, or shell, of blown-off matter travels at a terrific rate of speed. The shell's outer edge moves faster than its inner edge. Gaseous "knots" observed by Hubble may form from shock waves that occur when matter ejected during the most recent explosion collides with slow-moving material from the previous outburst.
Magnetic white dwarf binaries
B ~ 10-100 MG Polars (AM Her stars)
2. 新星
(1) 观测特征 在几天到几星期内亮度增 加7-16星等,然后缓慢下 降,经几个月或几年回复 到原先的状态。
• 辐射主要在光学和紫外波段 • 爆发时的能量释放率 ~ 1045-1046 ergs-1 • 抛射约10-5-10-3 M⊙ 的物质,抛射物质速度~100-5000 kms-1
dwarf.
An "ocean" of hydrogen forms on the white dwarf's surface. Intense pressure and heat build at the bottom of the hydrogen ocean, eventually leading to a massive explosion, which blows off the outer layers of hydrogen. Then the siphoning process begins
3. Ia型超新星 当吸积白矮星的质量达 到Chandrasekha极限, 白矮星的爆燃而导致的 超新星爆发。
Evolution of CVs
4 M⊙ and 1 M⊙ Mainsequence stars in binary. Nearing the end of its life, the 4 M⊙ star swells, spilling gas onto its companion. Formation of a planetary nebula. as the lower mass star becomes a red, accretion occurs again. The end point of the system is two white dwarfs of roughly equal mass circling each other.
基本假设:
1) 每个子星的内部密度分布是球对称的,在 动力学上可以认为是质点。
2) 两子星以圆轨道绕公共质心运动(←潮汐 力)。 3) 两子星的自转和公转一致(←潮汐力)。
在以双星公共质心为原点的 共转坐标系中,任意质点的 Euler方程是:
其中
2 V —Coriolis力
辐Low-Mass X-ray Binaries
Donor star has late spectral type (A and later), I.e. M<1.2M⊙