Early Settlers （史前时期）Iberians, 3000 BCWhat is this: StonehengeIt is a group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain(索尔兹伯里平原) in southern England. Dating to c. 2000-1800 B.C., the big stones are enclosed by a circular ditch and embankment that may date to c.(abbr，大约) 2800. The arrangement of the stones suggests that it was used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory(天文台).Beaker Folk, 2000 BC 宽口陶器人Celts, 700 BCCeltic languages: Irish, Welsh, Scottish GaelicPDFRoman Britain (55BC-AD 410) （罗马人统治时期）J. Caesar invaded for the first time in 55 BC.The successful invasion by Claudius, AD 43.Queen Boadicea rebelled in AD 61.The Roman built the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, and they also brought Christianity to Britain.The Anglo-Saxons （盎格鲁-撒克逊时期）Heptarchy, 449-828Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 597.Egbert became the first king of England in 829.Viking and Dane attacked England from the 8th century.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of England in 1016.House of Normandy （诺曼底时期）William, 1066-1087Norman Conquest, 1066视频：The History of English in Ten MinutesThe Norman ConquestNarrator:1066. True to his name, William the Conqueror invades England, bringing new concepts from across the channel like the French language, the Doomsday book and the duty free Galois’s multipack.French was de rigueur(礼节需要的)for all official business, with words like ‘judge’, ‘jury’, ‘evidence’ and ‘justice’ coming in and giving John Grisham’s career a kick-start. Latin was still used ad nauseam（令人作呕的）in Church, and the common man spoke English –able to communicate only by speaking more slowly and loudly until the others understood him.Words like ‘cow’, ‘sheep’ and ‘swine’ c ome from the English-speaking farmers, while the a la carte versions - ‘beef’, ‘mutton’ and ‘pork’ - come from the French-speaking toffs – beginning a long running trend for restaurants having completely indecipherable menus.All in all, the English absorbs about ten thousands new words from the Normans, but it still constructs the rules of cheek Kissing.The bonhomie（温和，和蔼）all ended when the English nation took their new warlike lingo of ‘armies’, ‘navies’ and ‘soldiers’ and began the Hundred Years War against France. It actually lasted 116 years but by that point no one could count any higher in French and English took over as the language of power.Doomsday Book(末日审判书：1085～1086年英王威廉一世钦定英国土地调查清册) was completed in 1086. Do you know the name of the book?The written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086William II, 1087-1100Henry I, 1100-1135Stephen, 1135-1154Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, thus acquiring all western France from Normandy to the Spanish border.House of Plantagenet （金雀花王朝，又称House of Anjou,安茹王朝）Henry II, 1154-1189Thomas Becket was murdered in 1170.Richard I, 1189-1199John, 1199-1216John was forced to accept Magna Carta in 1215.Henry III, 1216-1272Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster in 1265, which is seen as the earliest parliament.Edward I, 1272-1307Wales came under the English Crown in 1284.Edward II, 1307-1327Edward III, 1327-1377Black Death swept through England in 1348.Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453Richard II, 1377-1399The Peasant Uprising of 1381House of Lancaster （兰开斯特王朝）Henry IV, 1399-1413Henry V, 1413-1422Henry VI, 1422-1461England was defeated in the Hundred Years’ War in 1453. (Wars of Roses, 1455-1485)House of York （约克王朝）Edward IV, 1461-1483Edward V, 1413-1483Richard III, 1483-1485Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor in the last battle of the Wars of Roses in 1485.House of Tudor （都铎王朝）Henry VII, 1485-1509The end of Wars of Roses in 1485 & the beginning of English RenaissanceHenry VIII, 1509-1547Henry VIII established Church of England in 1534 and became its Supreme Head in 1535. Mary I, 1553-1558Calais, the last British possession on the Continent was lost to France in 1558. Elizabeth I, 1558-1603The destruction the Spanish Fleet “Armada”House of Stuart （斯图亚特王朝）James I, 1603-1625Gunpowder Plot, 1605The Authorized Version of the Bible in 1611Pilgrim Fathers founded New Plymouth in America in 1620.Charles I, 1625-1649English Civil War, 1642-1649The Commonwealth （共和制王朝）Council of State, 1649-1653Oliver Cromwell, 1653-1658Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England in 1653Richard Cromwell, 1658-1660House of Stuart (continued) （斯图亚特王朝续）Charles II, 1660-1685Restoration in 1660James II, 1685-1688Glorious Revolution, 1688William III and Mary II, 1689-1702They jointly accepted the Bill of Rights in 1689. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.Anne, 1702-1714The name Great Britain came into being when in 1707 the Act of Union united En gland and Scotland.House of Hanover （汉诺威王朝）George I, 1714-1727George II, 1727-1760John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733George III, 1760-1820Industrial Revolution, 1836-1848James Watt improved the steam engine in 1765.George IV, 1820-1830William IV, 1830-1837Chartist Movement, 1836-1848Victoria, 1837-1901电影：《年轻的维多利亚》William Booth founded the Salvation Army in 1865.Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha （萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝）Edward VII, 1901-1910Labour Party became a major party after the election in 1906.House of Windsor （温莎王朝）George V, 1910-1936The Parliament Act was passed in 1911, establishing the Commons as the supreme legislative body. The First World War, 1914-1918Edwards VIII, 1936-1936George VI, 1936-1952The Second World War, 1939-1945National Health Service was established in the U.K. in 1948.Elizabeth II, 1952（加冕）-A full member of the EEC in 1973.Mrs. Thatcher became the first woman P.M. in 1979.史前公元前250，000年：已知最早人类生活。