语言学
Chomsky (1957) 的窄定义
“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” --Noam Chomsky (1928- ): Syntactic Structures (1957)
语言是一套句子的集合,每 句长度有限,且由有限的语 言成分组成。
Chomsky (1957)
乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky, 1928--),美国语 言学家,转换-生成语法的创始人。1928年12月7 日出生于美国宾西法尼亚州的费城。1945 年进 语言学、 入宾夕法尼亚大学读语言学、数学和哲学 。 语言学 数学和哲学 1947年,在哈里斯的影响下他开始研究语言学。 1951年在宾西法尼亚大学完成硕士论文《现代希 伯莱语语素音位学》,1955年又在该校完成博士 论文《转换分析》,获得博士学位。从1955年秋 天开始,他一直在麻省理工学院工作,曾任该校 语言学与哲学系主任,并任该校认知科学研究中 心主任,为语言学界培养了一批有素养的学者。
This definition suffers many defects
2) there are many systems of voluntarily produced symbols that we only count as languages in what we feel to be an extended or metaphorical sense of the word “language”.
语言是人类的非本能的交际方式,通过有意发出 的声音或写出语言符号等手段,来达到传递思想、 交流感情和满足欲望的目的。
Edward Sapir
萨丕尔(Edward Sapir,1884-1939)美国语言学家,人类学家。1884年1月 6日生于德国劳恩堡(Lauenburg),五岁时随全家移居美国。1904年毕业于 哥伦比亚大学,主修日尔曼语,后到美国西部工作。1910--1925年,任加拿 大国立博物馆人类学部主任,对人类文化学进行了切实的研究。1925--1931 年,任美国芝加哥大学副教授、教授。从1931年起到逝世,在耶鲁大学任语 言学和人类学教授。1933年当选为美国语言学会会长,1938年当选为美国人 类学协会会长。1939年2月4日在康涅狄格州纽黑文(New Haven)去世,终年 55岁。 在哥伦比亚大学学习和任职期间,受到著名语言学家和人类学家鲍阿斯 (F.Boas)影响,对美洲印第安人的文化和语言产生了极大兴趣,与学生们 合作编写出版了一套研究印第安语言并附有注释的丛书,认真分析了语言结 构,成为美国描写语言学的奠基人之一。萨丕尔长期研究语言学和人类文化 学的有关问题,重视语言和文化、语言和思维的联系,提出"语言影响人类关 于现实世界概念系统的形成"这一设想,经他的弟子沃尔夫(B.L.Whorf)发 展,形成语言相关性的学说,被称为"萨丕尔-沃尔夫"假说,这一假说成为人 类文化语言学的基础。 萨丕尔的代表作是《语言论》及身后出版的论文集《萨丕尔论语言、文 化和个性文集》。
The barest definition by Hu: “Language is a means of verbal communication.”
According to Bloch and Trager, “a language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.” Hall defines language as “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory symbols”. 潘文国,“语言的定义”,《华东师范大学 学报》,2002年第1期
What is language?
Language can mean 1)what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) 2)the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare’s language, Luxun’s language) 3)a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language) 4)the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language) 5)a tool for human communication. (social function) 6)a set of rules. (rule-governed)
Course schedule
Week1/2: Invitations to Linguistics Week 3/5: Speech Sounds (phonetics语音学 /phonology音系学) Week 6/7 : Morphology 形态学 Week 8/10: Syntax 句法学 Week11/13: Semantics 语义学 Week14/16: Pragmatics 语用学
Course introduction
Course objectives Textbooks and Reference books Course schedule Course assessment
Course objectives:
-- mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed, how language operates, how language is used to do things, how language is acquired or learnt, etc.; -- improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language; -- preparation for further study and research about language
--Where does language come from? How? When? --Why is language human-specific? --Why can a child learn his/her mother tongue in a short period of time? --How does language change? --How can people talk orderly? --How can we say one thing but mean another? --Why can a person speak and understand a sentence s/he had never spoken or heard before? Etc.
For Example
what is now popularly referred to by means of the expression “body langua ge” --which makes use of gestures, postures , eye-gaze, etc.--would seem to satisfy this point of Sa pir’s definition.
Language can be generally defined as
a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Key words: system arbitrary vocal symbols human communication
Textbooks
胡壮麟主编.《语言学教程》,北京大学出 版社,2007。
Reference books
王德春,《语言学概论》,上海外语教育 出版社,2008. Yule, George. The Study of Language .外 语教学与研究出版社,2000. 戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧,《简明英语语言 学教程》(修订本),上海外语教育出版 社,1993。 熊学亮. 语言学新解. 复旦大学出版社, 2003.
When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the “human essence,” the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know. Noam Chomsky Language and Mind
An introduction to linguistics
Han Miaomiao
思考:
Wow!
You have studied Linguistics!!
迄今为止我们大学里学了哪些课程?