Phonology phonetics and phonology ideas and concepts theories and approaches
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
Back of the tongue: the part opposite the soft palate
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)
Classification of speech sounds
Consonants Vowels Place of articulation: Manner of articulation: Openness, backness, rounding
vowel [j] [w]
(lateral approximant) trills taps (flaps)
The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors.
Consonants may be divided into two groups in terms of 2 dimensions: the place of articulation and the manner of articulation.
Epiglottis: this is drawn over the windpipe when swallowing
Windpipe
Food passage
Vocal cords or vocal lips: The upper extremity of the windpipe (Adam’s apple) which contains and protects the vocal cords
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Phonetics The field of study The way of sound description
Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart:
Place of articulation
bilabial 双唇音 dental齿音 labiodental 唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 post-alveolar后齿龈音 retroflex卷舌音 palatal 颚音 velar 软颚音 uvular pharyngeal 咽音 glottal 喉音
The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished:
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period;
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Dician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886
International Phonetic alphabets (IPA): a unique written representations (a list of symbols) of every sound in every language
Postalveolar: the crown with the rear edge of the alveolar ridge 后齿龈音
Prepalatal: the tip is held behind the lower teeth.前鄂音
Retroflex: the lower surface of the tongue blade and the tongue tip curled back.卷舌音
Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved.
For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs 1
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex part of the mouth,
immediately behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
Speech is a chain with three stages: production of the message, the transmission of the message and the reception of the message
So phonetics are in three branches: Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Speech sounds and non-speech sounds
We make sounds by means of the air out of or into our body. So we have: Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech sounds in our speech. Pulmonic egressive airstream vs nonpulmonic ingressive airstream
Chapter Two: Speech sounds: phonetics and phonology