五种基本句型——主谓(宾)结构主(语)+谓(语)主(语)+谓(语)+宾(语)主语(略)谓语:从意义上说,有表示动作和状态两种情况;表示状态的就用“主语+连系动词+表语”句型来表示。
表示动作的就用“主语+谓语(+宾语)”句型来表示谓语后面加不加宾语,要看表动作的谓语及不及物。
在了解及物和不及物动词之前,先讲讲宾语。
宾语,是动词作用的对象,通常是由名词或代词来充当。
从位置上来看,位于谓语动词之后,例如:He reads English .在这里English 就是作reads 的宾语。
及物动词和不及物动词:不讲语法上的概念了,直接看例子。
例如:1. I like English. 这里的like 是及物动词。
因为它后面直接跟了个宾语English, 如果它后面不跟English的话,句子含义就不完整,你到底喜欢什么呢,好像话没说完似的,所以说及物动词后面必须带宾语。
2. He often swims in the river(他经常在河里游泳),这里的swims 是不及物动词。
因为它后面没带宾语,说他游泳句子意思已经表达很清楚完整了,没必要再加宾语了。
注意:in the river不是宾语!因为它不可能作为“游泳”的对象(但“英语”可以做为“喜欢”的对象)。
实际上,in the river 在这里是状语的,而且是表示地点的状语。
及物动词和不及物动词之秘诀一、及物动词后面直接加宾语,不及物动词后是不能直接加宾语,但有些不及物动词后面加介词或副词之后就可以加宾语了(例如:look 是典型的不及物动词,后面是不能接宾语的,但是如果加上适当的介词就可以跟宾语如look at the blackboard 、look for the child 、lokk after his mother等等)。
秘诀二、及物动词后面必须加宾语,因为不加宾语,句意就不完整了。
秘诀三、绝大多数动词既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词,只作及物动词或不及物动词的动词是很少一部分。
理解了以上概念之后,回到主谓结构来。
主谓结构,虽然这个结构中动词后边不加宾语,但是往往带有状语。
状语有点难理解,看下面的句子吧。
下划横线的部分,就是状语,1、He will come tomorrow.(他明天来)2、He is working now 。
(他正在工作).3、He works at this factory .(他在这个工厂工作)4、He often swims in the river.(他经常在河里面游泳)5、Tom is always late for school.(汤坶经常上学迟到)6、I have never been to Shanghai.(我从没去过上海)7、My Chinese is very good . (我的汉语非常好)8、He runs quite fast. (他跑的相当快)9、He works hard。
(他努力工作)10、It is too hot . (天气太热了)状语分类:•I get up at six. (我在六点种起床)介词短语在此处是表示时间的,是时间状语。
介词短语:如in 、on、under 等等之类的,如果介词后面加上了宾语,就把它叫做介词短语,如:in the room on the desk under the table 。
介词短语作时间状语的很多,类似的如:on Sunday. in September ,in 2008 等等,副词也可作时间状语,如:already (已经)before(以前)now (现在)yesterday (昨天)today(今天)tomorrow (明天soon(不久),这些应该熟记之。
表示时间就是时间状语,那表示地点的,就是地点状语•He did his homework at home (他在家做的家庭作业)介词短语在此处是表示地点的,是地点状语。
副词也可作地点状语,如:here(这儿)、there(那儿)、up(上面)、down (下面)、upstairs(楼上)、downstairs(楼下)、anywhere任何地方)等等。
•He is often late. (他经常迟到)副词在这里是作频度状语,表示经常。
常见的还有always(总是)、ever(曾经)、never(从来不)、seldom(很少,不常)、sometimes (有时0、usually (通常)等等•She danced beautifully. (她舞姿优美)副词在这里是作方式状语,是来修饰动词“跳舞”的,类似的还有:quickly(很快的)、bravely 、(勇敢地happily (高兴地)、fast(很快地)、well (好地)•He speaks English very well. (他的英语说的很好)副词在这里是作程度状语,是到修饰副词well的,类似的还有:very quite too 等。
熟记状语之1. 状语通常是有副词、介词短语来充当,是来说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。
2. 状语通常是来修饰谓语动词、副词、形容词。
3. 地点状语、时间状语出现的频度最高,而且二者都可由介词短语、副词充当。
其他的状语大都是有副词充当。
4. 时间状语、地点状语的位置比较灵活,可以在句首、句中、句尾。
不过通常的位置在句尾。
如果时间状语、地点状语同时在一个句子中出现,一般情况下,地点状语在前,时间状语在后。
5. 频度副词的位置一般在谓语动词之前,be动词之后或助动词(如have\has\can 等)与一般行为动词(如run\work\draw)之间。
小结:在本句型讲解中,我们补充了宾语、状语以及及物动词和不及物动词五种基本句型——主语+谓语+宾语宾语的补充说明:宾语主要是由名词和代词充当的,其实,作宾语常见的还有:动词不定式(to do )\动名词(doing )如:He wanted to go home ( to go home 作want 的宾语);He likes listening to music (listening to music 作like 的宾语)。
需要注意的是:动词后面接名词或代词作宾语对所有及物动词都行得通的,但并不是所有的及物动词后面都可以接动词不定式或动名词。
这里有三种情况:其一、有些动词后面只可以接动词不定式,其二、有些动词后面只可以接动名词,其三、有些动词两者都可以接。
记忆技巧:1. 下面的动词后面只可以接动名词要决:“megafeps”(霉咖啡不吃)mind(介意)、miss(错过)、enjoy(喜欢)、give up(放弃)、admit(承认)、avoid (避免)、finish(完成)、escape(逃脱)、practise(练习)、suggest(建议)2.下面的动词后面只可以接动词不定式要诀:“要想干,同意办,愿意不愿意,决定尽量干。
”A.要求,想要,希望(want、wish、hope、expect、intend、mean)B.同意(agree、promise)C.意愿(care、hate、refuse)D.决定,企图(determine、decide、offer、attempt、try、manage)3.下面的动词既可以跟动名词又可跟动词不定式begin to do something\doing somethingstart to do something\doing somethingcontinue to do something\doing somethingforget to do something\doing somethingremember to do something\doing somethingregret to do something\doing somethinglike to do something\doing somethinglove to do something\doing somethinghate to do something\doing somethingtry to do something\doing somethingmean. To do something\doing something练习三一判断下列句子是主谓结构还是主谓宾结构,如果是主谓宾结构请指出是由什么充当的宾语(名词、代词、动词不定式、doing 等等)1 He arrived yesterday.2 The boy is crying loudly.3 She died in 2000.4 The man disappeared in the street.5 I like music.6 She wanted some help7 I slept well last night. 8 Iom built a house last year.9 I bought a computer in the street yesterday10 .Tom often swims in the river11 .My sister works in that factory.12 .The sun is rising. 13 .They know him.14 .He enjoys listening to music. 15 .My watch has stopped.16 .It is snowing hard. 17 .My grandma coughed all night.18 .She was cooking. 19 .I found a box under the bed.20 .Kate described the picture. 21 .I hate to go there.22 .He remembered telling you. 23 .His aunt will come.24 .The farmer works very hard. 25 .The flowers need watering.26 .We usually watch TV on Saturday evening.27 .She has cleaned the room. 28 .He liked collecting stamps.29 .Both of them work in the school library.30 .Kate is running fast. 31 .The ship moves slowly32 .He wanted two boxes watches. 33 .I read every book in the school library.34 .You can understand me. 35 .We can watch TV.36 .The children are reading carefully. 37 .Mr. Smith speaks very fast.38 .The train has arrived. 39 .They won’t come today.40 .You mustn’t talk loud 41 .You will close the door.42 .She decided to wait. 43 .I met one of my friends in Beijing.44 .He passed the exam last year. 45 .China has a large population.46 .He knows a little English. 47 .I have received your letter.48 .The students answered the questions.49 .He is beginning a new life. 50 .He learned to ride a bike yesterday.51 .Have you finished writing? 52 .I suggest trying it once more.53 .I want to go to college. 54 .She often dances in the park.55 .Kate often studies at school at night.练习三答案1 He arrived yesterday.他昨天到达。