人体解剖生理学凝血blood coagulation止血hemostasis血红蛋白hemoglobin, Hb胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure血小板platelet血型blood group兴奋性excitability有效不应期effective refrectory period,ERP自律性autorhythmicity传导性conductivity血输出量cardiac output期前收缩premature systole心电图electrocardiogram微循环microcirculation顺应性compliance潮气量tidal volume，TV肺通气量ventilation volume呼吸respiratory肺泡表面活性物质pulmonary surfactant通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio消化digestion吸收absorption胃肠激素gastrointestinal hormone胃泌素gastrin胆盐的肠肝循环enterohepatic circulation of bile salt肝liver胰蛋白酶trypsin肾单位nephron肾kidney肾小球滤过glomerular filtration重吸收reabsorption分泌secretion肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 管-球平衡glomerulotubular balance感受器sensory receptor角膜cornea视网膜retina近视myopia夜盲症nyctalopia视野visual field甲状腺thyroid gland激素hormone远距分泌telecrine皮质醇cortisol胰岛pancreatic islet拮抗作用antagonism细胞膜cell membrane细胞器organelle内质网endoplasmic reticulum溶酶体lysosome线粒体mitochondria染色体chromosome细胞凋亡apoptosis上皮组织epithelia tissue结缔组织connective tissue软骨cartilage骨组织osseous tissue骨骼肌skeletal muscle心肌cardiac muscle平滑肌smooth muscle神经胶质细胞neuroglial cell神经纤维nerve fibril树突dendrite轴突axon郎飞结ranvier node被动转运passive transport单纯扩散simple diffusion易化扩散facilitated diffusion主动转运active transport入胞endocytosis出胞exocytosis动作电位action potential静息电位resting potential极化polarization局部电流local current神经肌接头neuromusclular junction 等长收缩isometric contraction等张收缩isotonic contraction灰质gray matter脊髓spinal cord脑encephalon延髓medulla oblongata脑桥pons中脑mesencephalon小脑cerebellum下丘脑hypothalamus大脑cerebrum大脑皮质cerebral cortex血脑屏障blood-brain barrier交感sympathetic轴浆运输axoplasmic trabsport神经冲动nerve implulse乙酰胆碱acetylcholine中枢抑制central inhition脑电图electroencephalogram条件反射conditioned reflex语言优势半球dominant hemisphere微生物球菌coccus杆菌bacillus螺形菌spiral bacterium肽聚糖peptidoglycan外膜outer membrane脂质A lipid A磷壁酸teichoic acid细菌L型bacterial L form胞质膜cytoplasmic membrane中介体mesosome质粒plasmid荚膜capsule荚膜肿胀反应quellung reaction菌毛pilus鞭毛flagellum芽胞spore热原质pyrogen毒素toxinendotoxin内毒素exotoxin外毒素消毒disinfection灭菌sterilization抑菌bacteriostasis防腐antisepsis无菌asepsis噬菌体bacteriophage毒性噬菌体lytic or virulentphage 温和噬菌体temperate phage溶原性噬菌体lysogenic phage前噬菌体prophage溶原性细菌lysogenic bacterium溶原性lysogeny溶原性转换lysogenic convereion溶原周期lysogenic cycle支原体mycoplasma衣原体chlamydiae立克次体rickettsia螺旋体spirochete真菌fungus菌丝hypha孢子spore病毒virus核衣壳nucleocapsid壳粒capsomer螺旋对称型helical symmetry二十面体立体对称型icosahedral symmetry 复合对称型complex symmetry包膜envelop包膜子粒peplomer刺突spike吸附和穿入adsorption and penetration脱壳uncoating生物合成biosynthesis组装成熟与释放assembly and release免疫固有免疫innate immunity适应性免疫adaptive immunity免疫防御immunity defence免疫监视immunity surveillance免疫应答immunity response免疫自身稳定immunity homeostasis骨髓bone marrow胸腺thymms淋巴结lymph node脾spleen淋巴细胞归巢lymphocyte homing淋巴细胞再循环lymphocyte recirculation 抗原antigen抗原决定簇antigenic determinant抗原结合价antigenic valence半抗原hapten变应原allergen耐受原tolerogen抗原表位epitope顺序抗原sequential epitope构象抗原comformational epitope佐剂adjuvant丝裂原mitoge抗体antibody免疫球蛋白immunoglobin补体complement细胞因子cytokine白细胞介素interleukin干扰素interferon肿瘤坏死因子tumor mecrosis factor集落刺激因子colony-stimulating factor趋化因子chemokine白细胞分化抗原leukocyte differentiation antigen细胞黏附因子cell adhesion molecules整合素integrin选择素selectin主要组织相容性复合体major histocompatibility complex 人白细胞抗原human leukocyte antigen克隆消除clone deleting受体编辑receptor editing失能anergy浆细胞plasma cell阳性选择positive selection初始T细胞native效应effector记忆memory抗原提呈细胞antigen-presenting cell树突状细胞denotritic cells单核细胞monocyte免疫突触immunogical synapse生发中心germinal center亲和力成熟affinity maturation类别转换class swithing吞噬细胞phagocyte中性粒细胞neutrophile巨噬细胞macrophage自然杀伤细胞natural killer肥大细胞mast cell嗜碱性粒细胞basophile嗜酸性粒细胞eosinophile超敏反应hypersensitivity 过敏反应anaphylaxis。