定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。

它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。

在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。

②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where。

不可用why。

2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况：（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.（3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等结构时e.g. You’ve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness,非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句：⑴非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。

专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。

例如：地名，人名，国家名等。

⑵非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。

⑶从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。

⑷与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as 和关系副词when, where, why 引导。

that不引导非限制性定语从句。

例如：①We will fly to Xi’an first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.我们将先飞往西安，在那里我们打算停留两天。

②My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.我的妻子是位医生，她今年在国外工作。

③As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state.众所周知，冰是水的固态。

㈢非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题⑴在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。

例如：①My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isn’t running well.先行词是car②He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.先行词是he had never seen her before⑵which和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。

as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。

另外，as还经常与such, the same 等连用。

（见第一讲中as 引导的定语从句）例如：①He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.②As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance.③Mike is late, as is often the case.④I never heard such stories as he told.⑤She knew he felt just the same as she did.⑶在从句中作宾语的关系代词which, who, whom一般不省略。

例如：①Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace.②He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as与which的区别：关系代词as引导的定语从句⑴和such连用，这时的as相当于who, which。

有时such和as连在一起例如：①Wendy is not such a fool as she looks.②Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me.③We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.注意：这种用法和such … that …的区别在such … as …中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成分。

例①中作looks的表语，在例②和③中分别作saw和had的宾语。

而在such … that …中that引导的结果状语从句，解释为“以至于”。

that不充当任何成分，只起语法上的连接作用。

例如：①She gave me such a surprise that I couldn’t say anything at that moment.②His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it.⑵和same连用例如：①You must show my friend the same respect as you show me.②She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does.⑶引导非限制性定语从句例如：①She was the one I met at the party, as you know.②As was natural, she married Robin.5. 定语从句和其它从句的区分很多高三的同学在解题时发现，有时难以区分定语从句，表语从句，时间、地点状语从句和强调句。

解决这一问题的关键在于牢记：①定语从句一定有先行词②定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成分。

我们来看具体的从句的比较：（一）定语从句和表语从句例①1) This is where your father worked when he was young.此句没有先行词，where 引导的是表语从句，where相当于“the place where”，解释为“……的地方”。

2) This is the shop where my brother once worked.此句中where引导的是定语从句，先行词是：the shop（二）定语从句和状语从句例②1) Let’s do it when we are free.此句中没有先行词，when引导的是状语从句。

2) Let’s do it next month, when we are free.这里when引导的是定语从句，先行词是next month。

又如：1)Put it where it was. where引导的是地点状语从句，无先行词。

2)Put it in the drawer where I keep documents. where 引导的是定语从句。

（三）定语从句和强调句例③1) -- Where did you interview the composer?-- It was in the hotel _____ he stayed.A. whereB. that此句看上去很像强调句型，很多同学因而错选B。

但选B后意思是：他住在宾馆里。

不能回答上文中提出的问题。

而应该选A. where，句子的意思是：是在他住的宾馆。

所以，正确地解这一题除了要求对定语从句和强调句型有很好的掌握以外，还考查了对题目所给出的语境的理解。

（四）定语从句和并列句例④1) There are 45 students in our class, of whom two fifths are girls.of whom/which +分数/百分数/ both / all / none / some / many …这样的结构常出现在定语从句中，尤其是在较正式的文体中。

更常见的是：分数/百分数/ both / all …+of whom/which，此句是定语从句。

2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls.此句中的第二分句由并列连词and引起，因此，不是定语从句。

反意疑问句一、基本用法与结构反意疑问句由“陈述句+简单疑问句”两部分组成，第一部分提出一种看法，第二部分用来质疑或表示证实。

陈述部分与疑问部分的动词时态和动词性质应保持一致，而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反，即陈述部分为肯定式时，疑问部分用否定式，陈述部分为否定式时，疑问部分用肯定式：He likes English, doesn’t he? 他喜欢英语，不是吗？He doesn’t like English, does he? 他不喜欢英语，是吗？二、反意疑问句的用法：（二）常见句型的反意疑问句1．当陈述部分是there be 存在句型时，反意疑问句的主语也用there。

e.g. There was nothing in the room, was there? 房间里什么也没有，是吗？2．感叹句的反意疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。

e.g. What a beautiful day, isn’t it? 多好的天气啊，不是吗？3．祈使句后面的反意疑问句问题A) 祈使句是否定形式，反意疑问句用will you。

e.g. Don’t forget to post the letter, wil l you? 请别忘了寄信。

B) 祈使句是肯定形式，反意疑问句用肯定、否定均可。

e.g. Please help us, will you/won’t you? 请帮帮我们，好吗？C) Let开头的祈使句要注意：1. Let’s 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意疑问句往往用shall we。

e.g. Let’s go there together, shall we? 我们一起去，好吗?2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义，let 有allow的意思。