第十七讲定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1 . 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词(如下表)功能作用用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语who which that宾语whom which that定语whose( = of whom)whose( = of which)He is a man who ( that) means what he says . 他是一个说话算数的人。
(指人, 作主语) The people whom ( that) you met in the campus yesterday are from England . 你昨天在校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。
(指人, 作宾语)Is there anyone in your depar tment whose father is a painter ? 你们系里有谁的父亲是画家吗? (指人, 作定语)The young man with whom I travelled could speak English . 同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说英语。
(指人, 作宾语)The book which( that) you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist . 你正在读的那本书是一位美国现代小说家写的。
(指物, 作宾语)The bicycle the brake o f which was damaged has now been repaired . 那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。
(指物, 作主语)Note: what 不能引导定语从句。
考察下面一句:Nimbost ratus clouds areAthickB, dark gray clouds whatCforebodeDrain .(C 项错。
应改为which 或that )2 . 使用要点1)关系代词的省略(1)作直接宾语时可以省略。
例如:The man(whom)you saw just now is our manager . 你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。
Is there anything ( that) I can do for you ? 我能为您效劳吗?Who was the woman ( that ) you were talking with ? 你刚才同她谈话的妇女是谁?(2)在“there + be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。
例如:This is the only bus( that) there is to that park . 这是开往那个公园的唯一的一路公共汽车。
The old professor made full use of the time( that) therewas left to him to continue his researchin the field of elect ronics . 这位老教授充分利用余年, 继续他在电子学方面的研究。
Note: ①关系代词放在介词后作宾语时, 不能省略。
但介词位于句尾时, 关系代词可以省新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书716 第十七讲定语从句略。
例如:This is the girl with whom he worked . (whom 不可省)This is the girl ( whom) he worked with . 这就是同他一起工作的女孩。
This is the room in which Churchill was born . (which 不可省)This is the room(which)Churchill was born in. 这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。
②who 或whom 的先行词有时可省略。
例如:Who knows most says least . 大智若愚。
( = He who, anyone who)Who works not shall not eat . 不劳无获。
Who eats must pay . 吃了就得付钱。
Whom the gods love die young .This is written to whom it may concern . ( any person whom)Who mar ries a beauty marries trouble . ( = Those who)Who are thirsty drink in silence .2)如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面, 不能用who 或that , 只能用which 或whomThis is the question about which(不用that) they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks . 这就是几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。
The people with whom(不用that )he worked thought he was a bit st range . 同他一起工作的人都觉得他有点怪。
3)如果先行词是all, much, anything , something, nothing, everything , little, none 等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that , 不用which ( 但something, everything 或anything 后, 偶尔也用which)Please just tell me anything ( that ) you know about the author of the book . 凡是你知道的关于本书作者的情况请都告诉我。
That..s all ( that ) I could do at that time . 这就是我当时所能做的。
There is little that can be believed about it .She has nothing that is good to say .The book doesn..t say much that amuses children .She hates everything that is modern .Note: 在“It is + 名词+ 定语从句+ 定语从句”结构中, 后一定语从句要用that。
例如: It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader . 只有阅历丰富的人才能当领导。
It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles . 言多必失。
It is a man who is honest that can do the work . 只有诚实的人才能做这项工作。
4)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first , last , any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修饰, 引导限制性定语从句常用关系代词that , 不用which, who 或whomHe is the only person that was present at the time . 他是当时唯一在场的人。
This is the best TV set that is made in China . 这是中国生产的最好的电视机。
No sample that we have received is satisfactory .Please send us any information that you have about the subject .5)在非限制性定语从句中, 不能用that , 作宾语用的代词也不能省略The Heavenly Lake, which(不能用that) is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tianshan Mountain . 天池是世界名胜之一, 位于天山之上。
There are thir ty students in the class, the majority o f whom(不能用that ) are f rom the city . 这个班上有30 位学生, 大多数来自城市。
6)which 可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)717 一、关系代词引导的定语从句which 还有一种特殊的用法, 它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句, 代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。
在这种从句中, which 可以作主语, 也可以作宾语或表语, 多数情况下意思同and this 相似, 并可以指人。
例如:New Concept English is intended for foreign students , which is known to all of us .《新概念英语》是为外国学生编写的, 这是我们大家都知道的。
(which 作主语)She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour . 她被授予一枚金质奖章, 全家人都认为这是极大的光荣。
(which 作宾语)He lost the manuscript during the war, in which case he had to rewrite the book . 他在战争中把手稿丢失了, 既然如此, 他就不得不重写那本书了。
(which 作定语)She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was . 她对孩子们非常耐心, 她丈夫却很少这样。
( which 作表语)I told him to go to a doctor, which advice he took . (指代部分概念)Don..t call between 12 o..clock and 1 o..clock , at which time I am usually having lunch . She is studying economics, which knowledge is very impor tant today .He believes in self- reliance, which idea I fully agree to .She died three days ago, which I can..t believe . ( = which fact , a fact which)Jim was seriously ill , which she did not know . ( = which circumstance, a circumstance which)They bribed the officials , which practice was common here .The president was killed , which circumstance was very serious . ( = which fact )He hung about for hours and , which was worse, kept me from my work . (which 代表后半句的意思)Note: 注意下面两种which 的用法:He is sure to come unless (which is impossible) he has something urgent . ( which 从句放在括号中, 表示作出某种说明)She said ,“I..ve done my best .”Which was true . ( which 紧跟在直接引语之后)7)用作表语的关系代词(1)关系代词that 可指代人或物, 用作表语, 仅用于限制性定语从句中。