宾语从句
一、定义
在复合句中，作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

二、种类
宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。

三、构成
动词（短语）/介词/系表+引导词+宾从
四、宾语从句的用法
“三关”原则，学好宾语从句。

1.由that 引导的宾语从句。

that 只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。

例：He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句。

这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。

例：Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
3. 由if 或whether 引导的宾语从句。

if 和whether 在句中的意思是“是否”。

例：I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
【注】在初中阶段，区分if和whether的用法，要看从句中是否有选择的含义，即or或者是or not , 如果从句中有这样的词出现，那么要用whether 而不是if 。

定语从句
定语从句的功用和结构：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。

定语从句必须放在先行词之后。

引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。

例：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.
Do you know everybody who came to the party?
I still remember the night when I first came to the village?
This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.
状语从句
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词等。

状语从句可以表示时间、条件、原因、地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义。

各类状语从句连接词（短语）一览表：
例：
时间状语从句：
Whenever he comes, he brings a friend. 他每次来都带个朋友。

条件状语从句：
As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 只要我活着，我就要学习。

原因状语从句：
Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather.由于我们住在海边，能享受到好的天气。

地点状语从句：
Put it where we can all see it.把它放在我们都能看到的位置。

目的状语从句:
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
Cherry was walking quickly in order to arrive at the cinema in time.
结果状语从句
He ran so fast that we couldn’t keep up with him.
She spoke English so clearly that all of us could understand her.
She is such a nice teacher that all of us love her.
让步状语从句
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Although (though) I gave him some advice, he didn’t take them.
John continued to work hard even if (even though) he felt sick.
方式状语从句
You should do your homework as Tom did.
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。