Module 88.1 being responsibleV ocabulary environment problems1 in which of the following areas are you environmentally conscious? What things do you do which are not so environmentally friendly? Give examples.Action with impact on the friendly less friendlyenvironment1 saving energy I use low-energylight bulbs.2 using public transport3 limiting how much you fly4 conserving water5 recycling waste6 purchasing green products7 supporting local shops andBusinesses2 which of these environment problems:A are natural?B are man-made?C could be either?Earthquakes oil spills at sea nuclear radiation leaks hurricanes landslides smog declining fish stocks drought extinction of different speciesFlooding chemical explosions volcanic eruptions3 which of these problems has your country experienced in recent years? How were they handled? What precautions have been taken against future occurrences? Reading4 of these groups in society, who can do most to combat pollution nd climate change?A individual consumersB large companiesC governments5 below is an extract from the little earth book suggesting a possible way to control man-made pollution. Read the text quickly. Which of these sentences do you think the author would agree with?A Americans pollute more because they produce more of the world‟s wealth.B the USA‟s pursuit of wealth is damaging the planet for everyone else.C there are more important problems than damage to the environment.D damage to the environment is the most important problem in the world tody.E we can solve the problem if we all do something to help in our own lives.F this problem requires concerted action from governments and internationalorganisations.Trading pollution quotasHow can we eliminate pollution? The biggest threat the world has ever faced is the rising level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. We must reduceemissions to a level that the world can sustain. There is no alternative. Theegases are n essential part of a balanced ecosystem; it is only in excess that they become dangerous. But to get them back to a safe level, emissions will have to be reduced by over 60%. Since financial markets are so powerful, they should be designed to reward countries for reducing emissions. A mechanism for doing this is quirt simple and obvious, and is only obscured by industrial countriesattempting to avoid paying a fair price for their resources. Here is how such amarket could operate.▪On average everyone in the world is responsible for 4.21 tonnes of carbon emissions year.▪If the atmosphere can only sustain limited quantity of carbon dioxide,should one person be allowed to emit a lot more than another? Everyone should have an equal allowance, ie 4.21 tonnes at present, but reducing with time.▪an Indian emits 0.81 tonnes on average and therefore has surplus of 3.4tonnes available for sale.▪an average American emits 19.53 tonnes. He therefore needs to buy 15.32tonnes in order to maintain his lifestyle.Multiplied by population this means that India has 3.2billion tonnes of CO2 for sale and the US needs to buy 4.1 billion tonnes. The US needs to buy the whole of India‟s surplus and more besides. Alternatively the US must reduce itsemissions. Trading on this basis means that money would flow from the richnations, which are causing the climate havoc, to poor nations that re suffering from it. The UN development programme commented, …such flows would beneither aid nor charity. They would be the outcome of a free-market mechanism that penalises the richer nations.‟ Thus fair market system for tradable quotawould result in a fairer world. Each nation‟s allowance could then gradually be reduced on an equal percapita basis to a globally sustainable level.6 underline the sentences in the text that support your answer to exercise 4 above.7 which of the sentences in exercise 5 above do you agree with?8 do you think such a trading system would work? Why? Why not?9 how do you pronounce the following figures?1 60%2 4.21tonnes per year3 3.2bn tonnes of CO2Reading1 read the conclusion to the passage” trading pollution quotas‟ blow. In most lines there is an extra word that is unnecessary or grammatically incorrect. But some lines are correct.▪ I there is an extra word write the word in the margin.▪ if there is no extra word in the line write CORRECT in the margin.TRADING POLLUTION QUOTAS0 not practical? Rich nations my not like it the thought of inhabiting a fair it00 and equitable world, but multi-nationals might not object-if a millionaire correct1 become being a billionaire he is not going to drink any more coca cola, but2 n India rising out of poverty becomes a marketing opportunity. But that‟s3 another story-and perhaps another clutch of problems. What are there the4 alternatives? Regions that they suffer catastrophic loss due to pollution by5 the rich nations should have a case in international law. If so, their claim for6 damages would be considerably more than the “third world debt”.Grammar use of prepositions with statistics2 choose the best preposition to complete each sentence.1 at/on average, an Indian emits 0.81 tonnes of carbon per year.2 emissions will have to be reduced for/by 60% to get them back to a safe level.3 three out of/from ten of the world‟s cars driven by Americans, producing half theworld‟s exhaust fumes.4 over/through the last 30 years we have seen a rise in/of global temperatures by/ofmore than 1˚C.5 the UK has set a target of maintaining its emissions with/at 1990 levels.6 by/on the end of the century se levels will rise between/from two and four metres.3 these statements are from a us scientist who thinks the environmentalists areexaggerating. Complete them by putting one preposition in each space.1 the number of bald eagles gas risen______1500% since 1965.2 air pollution fell in America last year______the lowest level ever recorded.3 us forests expanded______ 9.5 million acres_______ 1990and 2000.4 wetland areas have also increased______ the last five years.5 there will be a decline_______ emissions from cars_______80%,= in the next 30years.6 fish stocks have stabilised_______ their 1995 levels.7 two_______ _______ three of the targets set by the clean air act have beenreached.8 _______average, Americans now cause less pollution than five years ago.4 look at the graph describing the disposal of waste in the USA between 1970 andthe present. Write five more sentences about the facts it shows using theprepositions on page 78.Since 1970, the total amount of waste produced in the usa has increased byalmost 300%.Trends in waste disposal020406080100第一季度第二季度第三季度第四季度Writing describing graph5 the two graphs below show global temperature changes and carbon dioxideemissions from 1880 to 1990. Study the graphs and discuss with your partner the developments in each and the relationship between the two. Is there a connection? ▪ using information given in the graphs, write a short report (120-140 words) describing these changes and the possible connections between them.▪ begin like this:The graphs show the changes in global temperatures and the mount of carbon dioxide emitted by different countries over the period 1880 to 1990. taking global temperature first, we can see that ……..Listening corporate social responsibility1 stakeholders are all those people who play a part in or are affected by a company ‟s1 an oil company overstates its profits in its half-yearly financial report.2 a big supermarket decides to label the salt and sugar content in all its foods.3 A manufacturer of washing machines sets up a recycling scheme to take oldwashing machines back at the end of their useful lives.4 a brewer and distributor of beer makes a TV advertisement that children find very funny.5 a high street bank lays off 350 permanent staff and re-employs 200 of them ontemporary contracts.6 an electronics retailer increases its payment terms to trade creditors from 30 to 60days.2 you will hear the CEO of a company talk about a particular approach to corporate social responsibility. As you listen, complete the notes to the talk. You can use up to three words per space.CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYThe theory1 the new concept is called ______________________.2 the three areas in which to measure a company‟s performance are financial,social and ______________________.3 these three legs are______________________The reasoning behind it4 people‟s lives are affected more by business than by______________________5 the environment is under great______________________.6 business can play a part in ______________________.7 businesses don‟t always take into account the impact of theiractions______________________.The practice8 to make a difference companies have to ______________________.9 they must recongnise their responsibilities to all their________________.10 they must also submit to financial, environmental and social___________.11 companies have to be honest and open about______________________.12 it‟s not easy for a private company to disclose their ________________.Can this approach work? What could be the disadvantages of it?Grammar gerunds and infinitives3 gerunds and infinitivesSome words and expressions in English are followed by the gerund (-ing) and some are followed by the infinitive (to).In this example from the listening on page 80, the word committed is followed by the preposition to and the gerund.They must also be committed to respecting their employees.in this other example from the listening on page 80, the phrase it’s not enough is followed by the infinitive.It‟s not enough to say you are going to follow a policy.4 look at these English saying. Put the verb in the correct form; gerund(-ing)or infinitive (to…)1 it take all sorts _____(make) a world.2 you can‟t make an omelette without _____(break) eggs.3 it‟s no use _____(cry) over spilt milk.4 if a job‟s worth _____(do), it‟s worth _____(do) well.5 it‟s better _____(be) safe than sorry.6 it‟s easy _____(be) wise after the event.7 before _____(criticize) a man, walk a mile in his shoes.8 it‟s never too late _____(learn).9 you have to be able _____(walk) before you can run.10 if you are in a hole, stop _____(dig).5 what does each saying mean? Do you have an equivalent proverb in your own language?6 choose two of the proverbs above. Think of situations from your own experience which you could apply each one to, describe the situations to your prtner. See if they can guess which proverb is applicable to each.I got very angry with my boss recently because he wouldn‟t make a decision about employing extra staff, who we really needed to help get a project finished. I thought he was just being indecisive, but then he told me that head office had cut his budget by one third. I felt really embarrassed.7 complete these sentences (all the expressions take the same grammatical form).1 our company is committed___________.2 if you visit my country, you will have to get used___________.3 I am really looking forward___________.4 I don‟t mind paying, but I do object。