Simple Questions一51.Exemplify the difference between elevation and degeneration?51. When the word meaning narrows towards a more favorable meaning, it is called elevation or amelioration. e.g.: inn (小客栈—旅店as in Holiday Inn), marshal (喂马的人horse tender—元帅、高级指挥官).Degeneration: When the meaning of a word narrows towa4rd an unfavorable meaning or depreciates with time, it is called degeneration or pejoration. The following examples can illustrate it: crafty once meant “strong”and now refers to “wily”; “cunning” once meant “knowledgeable” and now means “clever in a sly way”.52. Exemplify the difference between synonymy and hyponymy.52. Synonymy is a term used in semantics to refer a major type of sense relation between lexical items, in which words have the same lexical meaning but differ in morphological structure, phonological form and usage. In short, synonymy is used to mean the sameness between lexical items; (1 score) while hyponymy refers to the sense relation between the general lexical term and the specific lexical term. (1 score)Take the following two groups of words for example:go: walk, ride, run, fly, sail, stride, trot, etc. (1 score)go: leave, depart, advance, move, proceed, etc. (1 score)The lexical items in Group (1) best illustrate hyp onymy, for those words are subordinates of “go”, the superordinate, providing a specific way of “going”; the words in Group (2) have similarity in meaning with “go”, being the “coordinators”of “go”, therefore they are synonyms. (1 score)53. Make a summary about the compounds. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined.The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building.53. Out-going, sit-in and forty-story are compounds.Out-going is an adjective compound combined of adverb “out”and -ing participle “going”. Sit-in is a noun compound combined of verb “sit” and adverb “in”. The last one forty-storey is also an adjective compound consists of a numeral “forty”and a noun “storey”.54. How can we classify English vocabulary by its level of usage?54. Key points:Bye level of usage, we can classify English vocabulary as common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words:Common words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to daily life. Literary words are chiefly used in writing, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Colloquial words are described as everyday words which have been around for a long time and are often used in informal speeches. Slang words are every-changing set of colloquial words generally considered distinct from and socially lower than the standard language. Technical words include formal specialized language or jargon to trade, job, or group.55. What’s wrong with the following sentence? Please give your explanation and try to improve it. The police were orderedto stop drinking about midnight.55. Key points：（1）it is ambiguous ;（2）ambiguity caused by the structure; （3）stop drinking can be understood as 1）police stop drinking by themselves , 2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement:1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.总的：1. Analyze the underlined words in the following sentence.Sentence: When the going gets tough, the tough get going.The two “goings”and “toughs”are different. (1 score) The first “going”has been converted into a noun, while the second “tough” has been converted into a noun from an adjective. (2 score) Conversion has made these two words change from one part of speech to another word-class. (2 score)2. Exemplify the difference between synonymy and hyponymy.Synonymy is a term used in semantics to refer a major type of sense relation between lexical items, in which words have the same lexical meaning but differ in morphological structure, phonological form and usage. In short, synonymy is used to mean the sameness between lexical items; (1 score) while hyponymy refers to the sense relation between the general lexical term and the specific lexical term. (1 score)Take the following two groups of words for example:go: walk, ride, run, fly, sail, stride, trot, etc. (1 score)go: leave, depart, advance, move, proceed, etc. (1 score)The lexical items in Group (1) best illustrate hyponymy, for those words are subordinates of “go”, the superordinate, providi ng a specific way of “going”; the words in Group (2) have similarity in meaning with “go”, being the “coordinators”of “go”, therefore they are synonyms. (1 score)二：51. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.51. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome52. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?52. Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.53. Make a summary about the compounds. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined.The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building.53. Out-going, sit-in and forty-story are compounds.Out-going is an adjective compound combined of adverb “out” and -ing participle “going”.Sit-in is a noun compound combined of ver b “sit” and adverb “in”. The last one forty-storey is also an adjective compound consists of a numeral “forty”and a noun “storey”.54. What are the features of compounds?54. Generally, the compound’s head is its rightmost element, e.g.: high chair, living-room.Most compounds are endocentric and one constituent determinates the other; one feature of some compounds is that the two constituents are equal and neither determines the other, e.g.: fighter-bomber; Compounding is recursive because a compound word can be a component of another compound; compounds usually contain no inflection or modification.55. How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type.55. 46.There are four types of motivation:1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.三：51. How do you distinguish compounds from free phrases? Give examples to support your point.51. (1) Phonological criterion—stress pattern. In a compound, the stress usually falls on the second element, e.g. green hand (compound), (free phrase); dark house (compound),(2) Semantic criterion. The meaning of a compound is generally different from the combination of the two elements whereas that of a free phrase is not, e.g. red tape as a compound means “bureaucracy”, but as a free phrase it means “a tape that is red in co lour”,the same is true of dog days, which means “a period of summer which is extremely hot”, not the days for dogs.(3) Grammatical criterion. Each compound is a grammatical unit which is inseparable, so generally no changes should occur within it, e.g. fine art cannot be changed into “finer arts”, nor cry boy into “cries boy” or “heartsbeat”, etc.52. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.52. (1) suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.(2) Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.53. What’s wrong with the following sentence? Please give your explanation and try to improve it.The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.53. Key points：（1）it is ambiguous ;（2）ambiguity caused by the structure; （3）stop drinking can be understood as 1）police stop drinking by themselves , 2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement:1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.54. What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.54. Key points: borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (students must provide the necessary examples)55. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisoner55. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.Essay writing56. Please illustrate how this course, English Lexicology, benefits you in English language learning. （atleast 250 words）56. What could be implication of lexicology in language learning or teaching? Please write an essay to illustratewhat you think is valuable. (at least 250 words)56. Please illustrate how the different types of word formation process that can benefit you in vocabulary learning. （at least 250 words）。