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英语阅读-根据上下文猜测词义的技巧

三、词汇题解题技巧
词汇题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点在哪里,不需要考生查找所考查内容。

它可以考一个单词的含义,一个词组的意思,或者考一个句子的弦外之音。

词汇题常见提问方式如下:
The word “accentuate” (Line 4, Para.3) most probably means _____.
What is the meaning of …?
The word “colonies” (Line 2, Para.4) refers to _____.
T he statement “The business of America is business” probably means “_____”.
The phrase “puts it down to” (Line 1, Para3) is closest in meaning to “_____”.
By “white elephant” the author refers to _____.
实例讲解:
原文:
This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
题目:
60. “Shadowland”in the last sentence refers to____ .
A) the wonderland one often dreams about
B) the bright future that one is looking forward to
C) the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached
D) a world that exists only in one's imagination
此题可以利用并列关系来求解。

首先,and后面的句子告诉我们“任何有梦想的人必须要学会在那里生活”,这暗含了“那里”不好的环境。

再从and可知,两个分句的逻辑是一致的,据此Shadowland也应该是不利的环境,故选择C项。

考句子含义的,如果句子简单,一般在上下文中寻找答案;如果句子复杂,则更加倾向于在句子内部找答案。

下面介绍一些常用的根据上下文猜测词义的技巧。

第一,针对性解释。

针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。

这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。

1.根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。

例如:
Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。

2.根据复述猜测词义
1) 同位语
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。

该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。

2) 定语从句
Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出SAD含义,即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。

3. 根据举例猜测词义
例如:
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和
“重大科学发现”是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”,这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。

第二,内在逻辑关系。

1. 根据对比关系猜测词义
例如:
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast,(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。

分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。

2. 根据比较关系猜测词义
例如:
Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。

以此可以推断出loquacious 词义为“健谈的”。

3. 根据因果关系猜测词义
例如:
Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。

4. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
例如:
Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
作者为避免重复使用endanger一词,用其同义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知其词义为“使. . . 陷入危险,危及、危害”。

第三,外部相关因素。

运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。

例如:
Husband:it’s really cold out tonight.
Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.
How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是“冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。

第四,构词法知识。

1. 根据前缀猜测词义。

例如:
He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.
根据词根conscious(清醒的,有意识的),结合前缀semi(半,部分的,不完全的),
我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的,半昏迷的”。

2. 根据后缀猜测词义
例如:
Insecticide is applied where it is needed.
后缀-cide表示“杀者,杀灭剂”,结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出
insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。

3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如:
Bullfight is very popular in Spain.
Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)结合在一起,指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。

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