2)Viscosity粘度
-Glass viscosity玻璃的粘度
Visc. (Poise)
1014.5
Strain point屈服点: The viscosity point where stresses are relieved in hours 应力能在几小时内消失的粘度点 Annealing point退火点: The viscosity point where stresses are relieved in minutes. 应力能在数分钟内消除的粘度点
A. Borosilicate glasses硼硅酸盐玻璃.
- approximate composition主要成分: 72 % SiO2 glass former玻璃生成体 17 % B2O3 makes the glass "harder"玻璃硬化剂
5 % Na2O
- main applications主要应用: the lower c.o.e. makes the glasses more thermo-shock resistant and are therefore used for High Intensity Discharge (H.I.D.) lamps for outdoor lighting. 较低的膨胀系数可防热爆，因此在室外光源HID中使用。
o
241
320
GLS in Europe 欧洲的GLS(Lommel)
special glass against weathering防风化玻璃
4)Classification分类
B. Lead glasses 铅玻璃 - approximate composition主要成分: 62 % SiO2 glass former玻璃生成体 21 % PbO to increase the resistivity against electrolysis增加防电解能力 7 % Na2O 7 % K2O - main applications主要应用: stems for indoor lighting室内光源的灯芯, GLS, CFL automotive汽车灯
1013
1012.4
Philips Softening point: Glass can be deformed by an applied force and internal 菲利浦软化点： stresses are relieved in seconds.在施加外力情况下玻璃会 变形，应力能在数秒内消除 American Softening point: 美国软化点： The viscosity point where the glass deforms by its own (surface tension, gravity) and the glass starts to stick. 玻璃自己就会变形的粘度点（表面张力，重力），玻璃开始 可以粘住。
6.Electrical Conductivity电导率 7.Thermal Conductivity热导率
8.Thermal Expansion热膨胀
9.Stress In Glass应力 10.Annealing退火
Three Main Properties
1) Glass has no melting point, but a melting area. 玻璃没有固定的熔点，只有一个熔解范围。 2) Glass is a bad heat conductor (at low temperature) 玻璃在低温下是热的不良导体。 Glass is a good heat conductor (at high temperature) 玻璃在高温下是热的良导体。 3) Glass has a high surface tension 玻璃有很高的表面张力。
A.S.P.
W.P.
Temp.
Glass A is longer than B
3) Composition成分
Glass always consists of:玻璃中的成分有: 1)Required: a glass former (the material with the irregular structure) 必需的: 玻璃生成体(具有无规则结构的材料) SiO2 Sand Al2O3 Aluminum oxide B2O3 Boron oxide
- main types主要规格 :
01 78 ( 30 % PbO ) ( 36 % PbO ) 291 ( 21 % PbO ) standard glass for lamp applications灯泡应用中的标准玻璃.
4)Classification分类
2)Hard glass硬料玻璃: Characteristic特性 : = 35 - 40 x 10-7/ oC
2)Viscosity粘度
HARD-SOFT GLASS硬料-软料玻璃
VISC.
A
B
S.P. A.P. P.S.P.
A.S.P.
W.P.
Temp.
Glass A is softer than B
2)Viscosity粘度
SHORT-LONG GLASS短料-长料玻璃
VISC.
A
B
S.P. A.P. P.S.P.
-U.V. transmission透紫外
-Electrical conductivity电导性 -Thermal expansion热膨胀
4)Classification分类
1)Soft glass软料玻璃: 膨胀系数Coefficient of expansion( ):95x10 / C
-7 o
viscous
liquid
2)Viscosity粘度
Note: -These viscosity value are same for all glasses.
这些点的粘度值对所有的玻璃都是相同的。
-Only the temperature that correspond to these value are specific for a certain type of glass 对于不同的玻璃，唯一不同的是这些点 所对应的温度值
Do not have a melting point没有固定的熔点
1) Structure结构
-Melting area: Glass Solid
Metal
Liquid
Melting Point
Temp.
2)Viscosity粘度
-What is viscosity?什么是粘度？ Is a resistance to flow and is expressed in dPa.s (Decipascal second, or poise)粘度是流动的阻力，可用dPa.s表示（十分之一帕.秒， 或泊）。 Some samples例子： - water水 - syrup糖浆 - wax蜡 - soft glass软料玻璃 (20o C): visc. 0.01 poise (20o C): visc. 300 poise (20oC): visc. 1010 poise (20o C): visc. 1020 poise (600o C):visc. 1010 poise (1200o C): visc. 103 poise
- Application temp.: 450oC
- main types主要规格 : 8486 from Schott ( Germany ) for bulbs从德国的Schott，做泡壳. 8487 from Schott for tubes做玻管.
4)Classification分类
B. Alumina-silicate glasses铝硅酸盐玻璃 - approximate composition主要成分 60 % SiO2 glass former玻璃生成体 5 % B2O3 17 % Al2O3 makes the glass "harder"玻璃硬化剂 - main applications主要应用: as the glass can resist even higher thermo shock then borosilicate glass it is used for high loaded lamps like e.g. special H.I.D., metal halide and automotive . 因为其防热爆性比硼硅酸盐玻璃更高，所以在高负载的灯中应用，如特种HID，金卤灯 和汽车灯。 - Application temp. 640 oC - main types主要规格 :
2)Possible: Softeners or weak-makers 可能有的:软化剂 -Na(Sodium) 特殊的: 特殊用途的添加剂
-Chemical resistivity抗化性 -Color颜色
-K(Potassium)
3)Specific: Additives for specific purposes.
1) Structure结构
-Regular structures规则结构:
Metal, salt, etc.
1) Structure结构
-Irregular structures不规则结构:
1) Structure结构
-The result of irregular structures不规则结构的结果:
107.4
104 102
Working point: 工作ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ：
The viscosity point where glass can be processed on commercial machines.玻璃可以在商业设备上加工的 粘度点 。 Melting point 熔化点： Temp.