•Lesson 11•In outline---generally speaking •Immediate---Close at hand; near1. niche (Para. 1)(n.) the status of an organism within its environmentand community (affecting its survival as a species) 生态位，小生态环境e.g. According to the competitive exclusion principle, notwo species can occupy the same niche in the sameenvironment for a long time.•Intricate---Having many complexlyarranged elements; elaborate.•Pollen---花粉fine powder formed inflowers•Fungi---真菌类•Degrade---To cause (an organic compound) to undergo degradation•Make up---put together, construct /compose2. bewildering (Para. 2)(adj.) confusing, especially because there are too manychoices or things happening at the same timee.g. John faces a bewildering variety of choices.3. intricate (Para. 2)(adj.) containing many small parts or details that allwork or fit togethere.g. This is a novel with an intricate plot. •Explicitly---fully and clearly •Cohesive---well-integrated4. exemplify (Para. 3)(v.) clarify by giving an example ofe.g. This painting exemplifies the artist’s early style.•Population--- All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.•Multiple--- manifold•Picture---describe•Cybernetics---控制论The theoretical study of communication and control processes in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems, especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems.•Owe to--- be indebted to5. act on (Para. 5)to do something because of another person’sadvice or order, or because you have receivedinformation or have an ideae.g. She is acting on the advice of her lawyers. •Veer---To turn aside from a course, direction, or purpose; swerve•Deflect---To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate6. helmsman (Para. 6)(n.) someone who guides a ship or boate.g. He is a very experienced helmsman.7. steer (Para. 6)(v.) to control the direction a vehicle is going, forexample by turning a wheele.g. He steered the car skillfully through the narrowstreets.8. rudder (Para. 6)(n.) a flat part at the back of a ship or aircraft thatcan be turned in order to control the direction inwhich it moves 舵, 方向舵e.g. Some tried to stop up the leaks while others triedto steady the rudder.9. deplete (Para. 7)(v.) to reduce the amount of something that ispresent or availablee.g. Our stock of food is greatly depleted.10. build into (Para. 7)to make an integral part of; to make something apermanent part of a system, agreement, etc.e.g. The rate of pay was built into her contract.11. out of balance (Para. 7)losing the state of being steadye.g. The baby tottered out of balance and fell on thefloor.•Agent---A force or substance that causes a change•Oscillate---To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm•Periodic---Having or marked by repeated cycles•Die off---To undergo a sudden, sharp decline in population12. unwaveringly (Para. 8)(adv.) with resolute determinatione.g. He holds his political belief unwaveringlyeven duringthe social turmoil.13. obscure (Para. 9)(v.) to prevent something from being seen or heardclearlye.g. The windscreen was obscured by the rain.14. ravage (Para. 9)(v.) cause extensive destruction or ruin utterlye.g. The forests were ravaged by fire.15. die off (Para. 9)if a group of people or animals die off, they die one byone until they are no more of theme.g. If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle willdie off.•Eutrophication--n.富(养)化作用; 水体加富过程•a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent or leachatefrom fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to become overrich in organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae and cyanobacteria grow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply•Intrinsic-- Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.•Die back-- The gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of various diseases or climatic conditions. •Debris--The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; rubble or wreckage•Decay--To break down into component parts; rot16. debris (Para. 11)(n.) pieces of waste materiale.g. Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insectdebris.•Turnover-- The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those whohave left in a given period of time •Dump-- To release or throw down in a large mass•Exceed—surpass•Intrude—enter as an improper element •Marine--Of or relating to the sea •Shoreline--The edge of a body of water •Alfalfa--[植]紫花苜蓿•Pathway--A course usually followed by a body part or process•Fabric--A complex underlying structure •Strand-- rope, thread, or yarn •Vulnerable--Susceptible to attack17. crisscross (Para. 16)(v.) to make a pattern of straight lines that crosseach othere.g. The curtain has a crisscrossed pattern.18. be vulnerable to (Para. 16)can be easily harmed to hurte.g. She is very young and vulnerable to fraud •Amplify-- To make larger or morepowerful; increase •Magnitude—greatness in size, extent, etc. •Incorporate--To cause to merge or combine together into a united whole •Earthworm--蚯蚓•Woodcock--[鸟] 鸟鹬19. oxidize (Para. 17)(v.) to combine with oxygen or make somethingcombine with oxygen, especially in a way that causesruste.g. Iron is easily oxidized. •Indestructible--Impossible to destroy •Nitrate--[化]硝酸盐, 硝酸钾•Phosphate--磷酸盐20. excrete (Para. 19)(v.) (formal) to get rid of waste material from yourbody through your bowels, your skin, etc.e.g. Dogs are not permitted to excrete on thepavement.21. respiratory (Para. 19)(adj.) (formal) relating to breathing or your lungs 与呼吸有关的e.g. Lungs are respiratory organs. •Surface--To emerge after concealment •Incinerator--One that incinerates, especially an apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste•Emit—give or send out matter or energy •Toxic—poisonous•Condense--To become more compact •Convert—change or transform•Methyl--甲基：单价碳氢基•Soluble--That can be dissolved, especially easily dissolved•Deposit--To lay down or leave behind by a natural process22. vapor (Para. 20)(n.) a mass of very small drops of a liquid which floatin the air, for example because the liquidhas beenheated 蒸汽，水汽e.g. Water can be changed into vapor when heated.23. stack (Para. 20)(n.) a chimneye.g. Mercury vapor is emitted by the incinerator stack.24. soluble (Para. 20)(adj.) a soluble substance can be dissolved in a liquide.g. This substance is soluble in alcohol.25. lodge (Para. 21)(v.) to provide someone with a place to stay for ashort timee.g. a building used to lodge prisoners of war26. be extracted from (Para. 21)to carefully remove a substance from something whichcontains it, using a machine, chemicalprocess, etc.e.g. Petroleum is extracted from oil.27. be converted into (Para. 21)to change something into a different form of thinge.g. This bedroom can be converted into a study.Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase1. All this, many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate, precise relationships, makes up the vast network of life on the earth. (Para. 2)The above is just a single example about the connections of deer to other forms of life. In reality this is added many times and organized species by species in precise relationships with many details. And this makes up the large and extensive network of life on the earth.2. It is the science of planetary housekeeping. (Para. 3)Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.3. Our ability to picture the behavior of such systems has been helped considerably by the development, even more recent than ecology, of the science of cybernetics. (Para. 5)The development of the science of cybernetics has greatly helped our ability to describe the behavior of ecosystems. The science of cybernetics is even younger than the science of ecology.4. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle. (Para. 7)Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.5. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animalpopulations.(Para. 9)The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.6. These oscillations are built into the operations of the simple cycle, in which the lynx population is positively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbit population is negatively related to the number of lynx. (Para.9)More rabbits provide more food for lynx and thus the rising population of rabbits increases the population of the lynx. Reversely, when there are more lynx, rabbits are more fiercely hunted and consumed, and as a result the population of the rabbits decreases.7. Ecosystems differ considerably in their rate characteristic and therefore vary a great deal in the speed with which they react to changed situations or approach the point of collapse.(Para. 15)There are many different ecosystems on the earth: the air, the fresh water, the ocean, the soil, the desert, the forest, etc. Their rate characteristics differ, and for that reason they respond to changed situations or come near to the point of collapse with differing speeds.8. Environmental pollution is often a sign that ecological links have been cut and that the ecosystem has been artificially simplified and made more vulnerable to stress and to final collapse. (Para. 16)Environmental pollution indicates that some ecological links have been destroyed. As a result the ecosystem has been altered by simplification caused by human activity, and its ability to resist stress is weakened and thus it is more vulnerable to final collapse.9. A persistent effort to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ can yield a surprising amount of valuable information about anecosystem. (Para. 20)If everything must go somewhere, we may persistently try to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ In doing so , we can learn a great deal of valuable information about an ecosystem.10. Consider, for example, the fate of a household item which contains mercury- a substance with environmental effects that have just recently surfaced. (Para. 20)Let’s examine what’s going to happen to a household item which contains mercury. Mercury is a substance with environmental effects that science has recently discovered.•Lesson 121. detrimental (Para. 1)(a.) cause harm or damage to 有害的，不利的be detrimental to (Para. 1)e.g. Staying up late is detrimental to health. e.g. Online reputations can be detrimental to jobseekers.2. thrust (Para. 2)(n.) a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointedinstrumente.g. The knife thrust almost killed him.3. predecessor (Para. 2)(n.) one who precedes you in time (as in holding aposition or office)e.g. He undid most of the good work of his predecessor.4. induce (Para. 3)(v.) (formal) to cause a particular physical conditione.g. Too much food induces sleepiness.5. mutation (Para. 3)(v.) (biology) a change in the genetic structure of ananimal or plant that makes it different from others ofthe same kinde.g. The mutations in plants caused by radiation have beenfound in experiments.6. staggering (Para. 4)(adj.) so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelme.g. The juvenile delinquency has soared to a staggeringnumber these days.7. variant (Para. 5)(n.) a group of organisms within a species that differ intrivial ways from similar groupse.g. The story has many variants.8. screen (Para. 5)(v.) to remove people or things that are not acceptableor not suitable 筛选，筛查e.g. It is now possible to screen babies forheart disease .screen oute.g. An answering service can screen out nuisance calls.自动应答服务可以剔除骚扰电话。