– Concern for in-group – Closeness of self to in-group – Subordination of own goals to in-group goals
Findings
• Japanese students more concerned with
opinions of friends and coworkers in relation to U. of Chicago. No relation between Puerto Rican students and others
of Puerto Rico
• Answered questions about perceived
amount of social support and perceived amount of loneliness
Findings
• Collectivism was positively correlated with
Method
• Three studies • Self-report questionnaires • Hypothetical vsych. Undergrads from U of Chicago
• 158 item questionnaire measuring
THE ONE; THE MANY…
Individualism and collectivism: Crosscultural perspectives on self-ingroup
relationships
Triandis, et. Al
Leah Brown, Elizabeth Flockhart, Denise Rye, Celeste Smith, Amy Sturm
Study #3
• Attempt to restrict and sharpen research
focus
• Extending previous findings • 72 items, 100 subjects • Comparison between U. of Chicago and U.
tendency toward collectivism vs. individualistic beliefs and behaviors
• Five scenarios-hypothetical social
situations
Findings
• 50% of variation in responses explained
• Japanese students found less conformity
than Chicago students because of Westernizing
– Evidence that this has changed: the 106 older Japanese individuals showed more conformity
Warnings for Study #2
“Conclusions about collectivist and individualistic cultures shouldn’t be overly sweeping and must be carefully applied to
selective, specific behaviors, situations, and cultures”(216)
by three factors
– Self-reliance – Competition – Distance from in-groups
• 14% explained by “concern for ingroup”
• There is more concern for an individual’s
– Collectivist Cultures: individual needs, desires, etc. are secondary to those of the group (Asia)
– Individualistic Cultures: Higher value on the needs and accomplishments of the individual rather than the group (United States)
– Used to explain large amounts of variation seen in human behavior, social interaction, and personality
– Explain differences in people and/or groups
• How?
own self than for the group
Study # 2
• 91 students from U. of Chicago • 97 Puerto Rican students • 150 Japanese students • 106 older Japanese individuals
Background
• “Behavior never occurs in a vacuum”(211) • Examples
– Personal space – Friendship – Parenting styles – Family dynamics
Background
• Theory: Individualism-Collectivism Model
Study #2
• 144 item questionnaire measuring
collectivist characteristics
• Items from questionnaire show previous
studies deal with three collectivist-related tendencies