1.Meeting is a general and summary term of various kind of assembly of people for a particular purpose.2.Conference is a kind of formal meeting, often lasting for a few days. It is organized on a particular subject to bring together people who have a common interest.3.Symposium refers to the meeting for specialized academic discussion. Compared with conference, a symposium is usually narrower and more specific in the range of topics.4.Convention is a kind of routine meeting, a regularly organized by a learned society, a professional association, an academic institution or a non-governmental organization.5.Seminar is a class-like meeting, where participants discuss a particular topic and subject that is presented by several major speakers.6.Workshop refers to a period of discussion or practical work on a particular subject in which a group of people learn about the subject by sharing their knowledge and experience.7.Forum is a kind of public meeting, at which people exchange ideas and discuss issues, especially important public issues.8.Congress is usually attended by representatives and delegates who belong to national or international, governmental or non-governmental organizations.9.Colloquium is sometimes a formal word for seminar. It is usually a large academic seminar like panel discussion. Colloquium is usually attended by certain invited experts or professionals in a particular field.0.Principal Conference Activities1)Formal meetings: General assembly; Plenary sessions; parallel sessions; Poster sessions;2)informal meetings:free information exchange; Free paper presentation;3)audioand visual presentation4)teaching and consulting services5)exhibitions and business talks6)visits and other social activites1、classification of professional paperReport paper（专题）、Research paper（研究）、Course paper(课程)、Thesis paper（答辩）.1)Report paper: The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of the author(s) on a particular subject.2)Research paper: A complete research paper is usually composed of the following elements：title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis, results and discussion or conclusion, reference, etc.3)Course paper This type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term, it is also called “term paper.”4)Thesis paper: A Dissertation (thesis paper) is usually written and submitted inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph. D) in a specific discipline.2、ways of preparing professional papers1)Searching for good ideas. coming from practice and back to practice. 2) Finding topics:3)Considering Audience and Purpose.4)Moving from Brainstorming to Drafting5)Editing and Refining3.General Functions of Title:1) Generalizing the Text; 2) Attracting the Reader;3) Facilitating the RetrievalGeneralizing the Text: A tile should summarize the central idea of the paper concisely andcorrectly. Attracting the Reader: An interestingtitle may draw particular attention amongprofessionals. Facilitating the Retrieval: A goodtitle can help the reader in his search forinformation.4.Linguistic Features of Title:1) Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases andGerunds: The words or phrases used in a title arevery often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds,nominalization, which usually are keywords forthe paper, having the ability to sum up the wholetext; 2) Using an Incomplete Sentence: A title isjust a label or appellation of the paper, reflectingthe main idea of the contents.5.Writing Requirements of Title:1) Be Brief and Concise; 2) Be Specific; 3) AvoidQuestion Titles; 4) Being Unified; 5) BeingStandardBe Brief and Concise: A title of a paper shouldbe brief and concise, being composed of no morethan twenty words. If a title is too long, it wouldbe difficult for readers to catch the meaning ofthe content and remember it. Be Specific:Thetitle should highlight the emphasis andparticularity of the work. Avoid Question Titles:A question title means a complete sentence in thequestion form. And such a title createsinconvenience for the information retrieval.Being Unified: The parallel parts of a title shouldbe grammatically symmetrical. Being Standard:Nonstandard abbreviations and symbols shouldbe avoided.6.General Functions of Author/Affiliation:Author:1)Bearing Author’s Responsibility. Itmeans if any consequence should arise from thepublication of the paper, the author(s) should takeit without affecting others; 2) FacilitatingRetrieval and Correspondence. Names of author(s)and institutional affiliations are usually used asauthor indexing, designed in the informationreferencing network. Readers can correspondwith the author, according to the affiliation; 3)Heightening Celebrity. The publication of aresearch paper brings reputation to author’sinstitution and country.Affiliation:1) Facilitating correspondence; 2)Bringing the reputation to the author’s institutionand his country7.Writing Requirements of Author/Affiliation:1) Printing Format Unified; 2) Number of Author(the number of authors should not be over four);3) Professional Title Omitted; 4) Address (beingwritten from the smaller unit to the larger ones); 5)Internal Units8.General Functions of Keywords:1) Easiness of Retrieval;2) Easiness of Highlighting9.Linguistic Features of Keywords:1) Nominalization; 2) Limited Number;3) Designated ChoiceNominalization: Keywords are usually used inthe form of nouns, not verbs. Limited Number:The number of keywords for a paper should belimited. Four to six keywords are the average. Ingeneral, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.Designated Choice:The keywords of a paperusually come from the title and/or the abstract.10.Writing Requirements of Keywords:1) Using Required Terms. The terms of“keywords”should be consistent with therequirements of the journal to which you submityour paper; 2) Placing in Right Location. In mostcases, keywords are placed below the abstract; 3)Spacing the Keywords. Use comma, semicolon orlarger space to separate the words; 4) AdoptingStandard Abbreviations. Standard abbreviationsare preferred in the section of keywords.11.General Functions of an Abstract:Miniaturizing the text; Deciding: “yes” or “no”;Expanding the circulationMiniaturizing the text: a mini-version or aminiature of the document, summarizing thecontent of the main body.Deciding: “yes” or“no”: directly influence the paper’s acceptance toa learned journal. Expanding the circulation: Itcan be circulated much wider and farther than thepaper itself, thus producing wider and deeperacademic influence than the full text of the paper.12.Linguistic Features of Abstract:Limited length; Categories of abstracts;Complete content; Formalized structureLimited length: 200 words should be a sensiblemaximum for a relatively long paper or report,but never more than 500 words; 50-100 wordsmay suffice for a short article. Categories ofabstracts:Abstracts can be classified into threecategories: indicative, informational andinformational-indicative. Complete content:However short abstract may be, all the relevantelements should be included. Formalizedstructure:A complete abstract usually consistsof three major parts: topic sentence, supportingsentence and concluding sentence.13.Writing Requirements of Abstract:Integrity; Concise; Consistency; ConcentrationIntegrity: It should contain certain elements ofinformation. Generally, an abstract should includewhat the writer has done and what he hasachieved within the scope of the topic. Concise:Use only essential information. Consistency: Anabstract should be consistent with the other partsof the whole paper. Concentration: You need toomit certain elements of information. Do not usefigures, tables, or literature references in this part.14.“5 Steps” in the Abstract Writing1) Underlining Key Words and Sentences; 2)Listing Essential Points of the Paper; 3) Boilingdown/summarizing Each Section to/into aSentence or Two; 4) Drafting the Abstract; 5)Checking the Final Draft15.“5A Strategy” in Abstract WritingBefore writing abstract, you need to answer somebasic questions.Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topicin the academic field?Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?Q3: What method or material do you use tosupport your main point of view?Q4: What conclusion will you draw?Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?Then the abstract can be improved on by usingthe following formula:Abstract=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5A1: background A2: main topicA3: specific investigationsA4: result & suggestionA5: conclusion & contribution16.How can it be helpful in your abstractwriting?With the “5A Strategy” in mind, you can getsome useful prompts. Though different papersrequire different abstracts, many abstracts may share similar functions and lead to a similar organization scheme. This 5A Strategy will surely enable you to produce an appropriate and even quite successful abstract without much trouble. mon Errors/Likely Mistakes:1) Mixed writing style: mixed informal writing style with the formal writing style2) Over-simplified statements: The abstract is too simple to inform the authors’ information.3) Monotonous expression: These abstract sentences are monotonous including that the verb appears many times in a short passage and there is no passive voice.4) Incomplete contents5) Displacement of information18.General Functions of Introduction: Introducing the Subject; Limiting the Research Scope; Stating the General Purpose; Showing the Writing ArrangementIntroducing the Subject:Since the topic in the introduction is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper. Limiting the Research Scope:Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Stating the General Purpose:The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader why to where to start or where to guide. Showing the Writing Arrangement: The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.19.Structural Features of Introduction: Starting with the Research Background; Transiting to the Existing Problem;Focusing on the Present ResearchStarting with the Research Background:That is to answer the question, “What have been done?”Transiting to the Existing Problem: That is to answer the question: “What have not been done?”Focusing on the Present Research: That is to answer the question: “What I am going to do?”20.The differences between objective description and subjective description? (1)Objective Description:A professional author has to focus on the object he is portraying rather than on his personal reactions to it. All the related situations require a precise description of the conditions or processes his research involves. And in such cases his goal is to supply information-to build up as accurate a picture as he can for his readers.(2)Subjective Description:To show the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see. 21.General Requirement for ResearchDescriptionPresenting a Picture of the Object.Illustrating the Object in Artificial Language. Making Necessary Comparison.Sizing the Object Specially.Locating the Object Correctly. Carefully. Generalizing/Systematizing the Observation 22.L ogical Development1)Developing by Chronological Sequence2)Developing by Investigation Procedures3)Developing the Research “from Abstract to Concrete”(deductive method )演绎法4）Developing the Research “from Concrete toAbstract”(inductive method)归纳法5）Developing by Using Other Logical Sequencing23.Reasoning(Persuasion)劝导法/推理The task of reasoning is to justify the writer’sinference and try to persuade the readers of theproposals offered by the writer.24.General Functions and Contents of Results:The value of a research lies in the value of itsfinal results and the author’s interpretation of theresults. In the section of the results, the authorshould bring about a solid foundation on whichthe whole paper rests, by boiling down all thefacts he has gained. There are two ingredients inthe section of result: full presentation of thespecific data of the work and detailed analysis ofthe results.25.Writing Requirements of Results:1) any data shown in the section must bemeaningful; 2) the presentation of results shouldbe short without verbiage and be of crystalclarity.26.General Functions and Main Elements ofDiscussion:The purpose of discussion is to expound theinterrelations among the observed facts. Thissection is to show the relationship between thefacts,their underlying causes, their effects, andtheir theoretical implications.Discussion usually include: 1) Analyzing the data;2) Pointing out doubts; 3) Expoundingviewpoints; 4) Stating the significance; 5)Arriving at a conclusion.27.General Functions of Conclusion1) summing up; 2) statement of conclusions; 3)statement of recommendations; 4) gracefultermination28.What are the criteria in distinguishing aresult from a conclusion?1) a result states the objective facts and datagained in the paper together with correspondinganalysis concerned and generalizes the results toa theoretical height, while a conclusion shows thefinal viewpoint drawn by the author(s) afterinvestigations, experiments, discussions,inferences, etc. So the former is objectivedescription while the later is evaluation based onthe former with subjective elements involved in.2) if the section of a result is to bring about asolid foundation which the whole paper rests, byboiling down all the facts and data the researchershave gained, the purpose of a conclusion is toexpound the interrelations among the observedfacts, including summing up, stating conclusionsand recommendation and achieving gracefultermination.3) a conclusion is often located after a result.4) presentation of any meaningful data shown inthe section of a result should be short withoutverbiage and be of crystal clarity. But aconclusion should be cautiously drawn withouterrors and ambiguous understanding.29.General Functions of Acknowledgements:Acknowledgments function is to express theauthor(s) appreciation. Acknowledgments ismainly used to extend the author(s)’sindebtedness to the helpful support or concernfrom his(their) colleagues in offering any usefulmaterial, technical know-how, suggestions, orany kind of enlightenment, etc. to the author(s).30.Linguistic Features of Acknowledgements:1) Patternized content; 2) Formalized expressionsWriting Requirements of Acknowledgements:1) Being specific; 3) Asking for permission2) Avoiding under-or over-statements;31. General functions of References:1)Showing Respect to the Previous Works;2)Facilitating the literature search.32.“Two systems” of References:1) Name and Year System (Harvard System):Name and year system means the references arealphabetically arranged and headed by theauthor’s name, the year of publication, the title ofthe publication, the publisher, the page numberand so on. (the title of the journal is italicize)2) Citation Oder System: Citation order systemmeans the references are not alphabeticallyarranged but according to the order of appearanceof the cited works.The title of the book/articles are omitted; the titleof the journals are abbreviations; the year ofpublications is placed at the end; only the firstauthor’s name is listed, if more than one author,“et al.” will be used.Writing requirements of References:Correct in content;Unified in style33.Plagiarism: the use of another person's ideasor words without giving him/her the proper credit;or, the action of taking (words, ideas, etc.) fromsomeone else's work and use them in one's ownwork without admitting one has done so.2 Writing a letter1）write a letter to an editor in a major journal inyour field, asking for some relevant writtenmaterials available.询问进展We submitted the paper (No.xxx) entitled“XXXXXX” to you for publication in theXXXXX three months ago. Could you give us anupdate on the current status of our submission?Any information will be greatly appreciated.Thank you very much for your considerationsuppose that you are going to submit yourarticle/paper for publication in a famous journalin your area. Prepare a cover letter.Sample:assume that you have received a letter from theeditor, saying your paper has been accepts, butneed some revisions. Write a reply to editor.4) write a letter to your editor, assuming you wantto revise your manuscript that been accepted bythe journal. Sample:。