名词性从句名词性从句(主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句)(一)主语从句1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类:(1) 从属连词that。
如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。
(2) 从属连词whether。
如:Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词where, when, how, why。
如:What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
解释:1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。
常以it作形式主语的句型有:A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。
如:It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。
如:It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
C.It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。
如:It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
D.It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。
如:It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。
如:Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗?G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。
如:How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪!2.注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
(二)表语从句1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类:(1) 从属连词that。
如:The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。
如:He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。
如:It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如: The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
解释:1.连词because可引导表语从句。
如:I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。
should+动词原形表示,should可省略。
如:My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
注意:1.what引导●“…….+ ,= “…….+ is + ,表示“.….是表语从句”例:Raw material is what we are badly in need of.= Raw material is the thing that we are badly in need of.2.when、where、why、whether、how引导●“…….+ is +when、where、why、whether、how表语从句”,表示“.….是表语从句”例:That’s where we differ.●表语从句中只能用whether表示是否例:The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.3.that引导●“…….+ is /remain/look/seem/appear + that表语从句”,表示“.….是表语从句”例:What’s troubling me is that I don’t have much experience in this field.●主语是reason时,表语从句必须由that引出例:The reason I don’t go there was that I got a new job.4.as if/as through引导●“……look/seem/appear/remain(系动词)+ as if/as through 表语从句”,表示“.….好像表语从句”例:It looks as if it is going to rain.(三)宾语从句1.定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:(1) 从属连词that。
如:He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
注:that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。
在以下情况下,that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that 宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。
)大家都会看出发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。
)对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。
) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4.We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。
)鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。
(2)从属连词if/whether。
如:I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词where, when, how, why。
如:Who or what he was, Martin never learned.(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。
如:He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
有时介词可以省略。
如:I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
解释:1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。
如:We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。
2.作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except, but, in后。
其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。
如:He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。
如:Are you sorry for what you've done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,连词that可省略。
如:I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。
4.连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和or not连用,if一般不与or not 连用。