Heroic couplet: refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs:aa,bb,cc and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later 17th century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas.It’s commonly used for epic and narrative poetry. This verse form was first introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales.Renaissance:it is an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It indicated a revival of classical arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism/ˌɒbskjʊ'ræntɪz(ə)m/反启蒙主义. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaisssance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists believed that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Blank verse:It is a type of poetry,distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter.Christopher Marlowe first made blank verse the principal medium of English drama.Satire: 1) It’s a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups or humanity in general.2) The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society and they attempts to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.3) Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the then English society from different aspects.Metaphysical poetry: It is the poetry wrote in a similar style by John Donne and other 17th century poets.With a rebellious spirit,the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.It is characterized by wits,”metaphysical conceits”, and an unusual simile or metaphor.Conceit/kən'siːt/: a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poem. By juxtaposing/ˌdʒʌkstə'pəʊz/ images and ideas in a seemingly far-fetched way , a conceit invites reader into a more sophisticated understanding of the objects of comparison.Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne ‘s poetry.Classicism/'klæsɪsɪz(ə)m/(古典主义运动):A movement in art,literature,or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal ,and places value on reason,balance and order. Classicism , with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concenred with emotions and personal themes.The Enlightenment Movement:1.An intellectual movement in the 18th century ,beginning inFrance and then spread over Europe.2.its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the lightof the mordern philosophical and artistic ideas.3.It celebrates reason ,equality and science.4.The famous representatives are Alexander Pope andJonathan Swift.Neoclassicism:1).It is a revival of interest in the old classical works in the 17th and 18th centuries.2).Neoclassicists believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic and have restrained emotion. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity and harmony.3). John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents/ɪk'spəʊnənt/说明者of this school.English RomanticismIt is generally defined to begin in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s “Lyrical Ballads”and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.It is an age of proses and poems flouring in English literatue, with major themes of the superiority of nature and instinct over civilization. The early romantic poets are lake poets.Byronic Hero:It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passion and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of rightingall the wrongs in a corrupted society, and would rise single-handedly against any kinds of tyrannical rules either in government,in religion,or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Ode/od/: It is an elaborately/i'læbərətli/精巧地formal lyric poem,often In the form of a lengthy 长的ceremonious 正式的address to praise or glorify an individual, commemorate an event or describe nature intellectually,知性地such as John Keats’”Ode to a Nightingale”.The tone is always serious and elevated./'elɪveɪtɪd/振奋的Hemingway Code Hero: it’s a concept from Hemingway’s works.Code hero is defined as a man who lives correctly, with the ideals of honour,courage and endurance in a world which is chaoic ,stessful and painful.A code hero is a man who is sensitive and intelligent,a man of actions and of few words.This kind of people are usually spiritually strong ,with certain skills and encounter death many times.Hemingway uses his code hero,who is named as Nick Adams in most of his novels,to teach readers a creative and disciplined way of life.The Lost Generation: It is a group of expatriate/ɪks'pætrɪət/ American writers residing primarily/'praɪm(ə)rɪlɪ/ in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. They are haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. They sought the meaning of life and created some of the finest American literature to date. The famous representatives of the lost generation are Ernest Hemingway and F.Scott Fitzgerald.Critical Realism: English critical realism flourished in the 1940s and the early 1950s. The critical realists depicted the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. They revealed the social reality and criticized the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy. The great English realists of the time were Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray./'θækəri/The Gothic Novel: It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated the late 18th century. Its principal elements are :violence, horror and supernatural.Most stories took place in some haunted and deserted /dɪ'zɜːtɪd/ castles. It focuses on the description of the dark, irrational side of human nature. The representatives are Horace/ˈhɔrəs/ Walpole and Ann Radcliff. American Romanticism: The romantic period covers the firsthalf of the the 19th century. A rising America with its ideal of democracy and equality, the booming economy,the flourishing publications made its literary expansion possible and inevitable. Romantics shared some characteristics: moral enthusiasm/ɪn'θjuːzɪæz(ə)m/, individuality and intuitive perception.Irving played an important role in inspiring American romanticism with his masterpiece Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of sleepy Hollow.American Transcendentalism(American Renaissance):It’s the culmination of American Romanticism around the 1840s.The transcendentalists speak for cutural rejuvenation and against the materalism of American society. They place emphassis on spirit, the most important thing in Universe. They also stress the importance of individuals. The famous representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.Symbolism: It’s the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers. It enables poets to compress the complex ideas into one image or even one word. The famous representatives are Edgar Allan Poeand Henry James。