Unit 11、What is an organization? Why are managers important to an organization’s success?An organization is a systematic arrangement of people brought together to accomplish some specific purpose. Organizational members can be divided into two categories: operatives and managers. Operatives are people who work directly on a job and have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others. Managers direct the activities of other people in the organization.1，什么是组织？为什么是管理者重要的一个组织的成功？一个组织是一个汇集在一起，以完成一些特定目的的人的制度安排。
组织成员可以分为两大类：操作工和管理人员。
操作者是谁工作的人直接在工作，没有监督别人的工作的责任。
经理直接在该组织的其他人的活动。
2、What four common activities comprise the process approach to management? Briefly describe each of them.Planning: defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing sub plans to coordinate activities. Organizing: determining what needs to be done, how it will be done, and who is to do it. Leading: directing and motivating all involved parties and resolving conflicts. Controlling: monitoring activities are accomplished as planned.2，常见的活动包括哪四个过程的方法来管理？简要描述它们。
规划：确定目标，制定战略，并制定分项规划，协调活动。
组委会：确定需要做什么，将如何做，谁就是去做。
领导：指导和推动有关各方和解决冲突。
控制：监测活动，按计划完成。
3、What are the three general skills that affect managerial effectiveness?Conceptual, interpersonal, and technical skills.3，什么是三个影响管理成效的一般性技能？概念，人际交往和技术技能4、How does a manager’s job change with his or her level in the organization?Top –level managers spend more time on planning and organizing than do lower-level managers. Leading, on the other hand, takes a great deal of time for first-line managers. The difference in time spent on controlling varies only slightly for managers at various levels.4，如何与他或她在组织级别经理的工作变化？高层经理的规划和组织上花费比低级别管理人员更多的时间。
领导，另一方面，作为一个为一线管理人员大量时间。
在关于控制所花费的时间略有差异仅仅改变各级管理人员。
5、what value do courses in anthropology, economics, philosophy, political science, psychology, and sociology have for mangers? Give an example of one application to management practice form each of these disciplines.Anthropology is the study of societies; it helps mangers to better understand difference in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within different organizations.Economics helps manager operating in the global marketplace.Philosophy courses inquire into the nature of things, particularly values and ethics.Political science studies the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment.Psychology: lead the way in providing managers with insight into human diversity. 5，做什么样的价值在人类学，经济学，哲学，政治学，心理学课程，为管理人员和社会学的呢？举一个一个应用程序管理实践形成的这些学科每一个例子。
人类学是社会的研究，它有助于各国人民之间的不同和在不同的组织管理人员更好地了解基本的价值观，态度差，和行为。
经济学可以帮助管理者在全球市场运作。
哲学课程调查的东西，特别是价值观和道德观的本质。
政治学研究的个人和团体在政治环境的行为。
心理学：领导在为人类提供洞察管理方式的多样性Unit21、What is scientific management（科学管理理论）? Discuss the main principles of scientific management. The use of the scientific method to define the “one best way” for a job to be done.(1) develop a science for each element of an individual's work, which replaces the old rule-of –thumb method.(2) scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.(3) heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science.(4) divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and worker. 1，什么是科学的管理（科学管理理论）？讨论了科学管理的主要原则。
对科学方法来定义“一个最佳途径“的工作要做。
（一）制定每一个人的工作，它取代了旧元素的科学原则进行的拇指的方法。
（2）科学地选择，然后训练，教授和发展工人。
（三）与工人感到由衷的合作，以保证各项工作是按照完成了对科学的原则。
（4）分工和责任，几乎同样的管理和工人之间。
2、what was Henri Fayol’s major contribution to the management movement?He develops the general administrative theory, and proceeded to state 14 principles of management fundamental. His theory became the design prototype for many of today’s large organizations.2，什么是亨利法约尔的重大贡献，管理运动？他开发的一般管理理论，进而国家管理的基本原则14。
他的理论成为了今天的许多大型组织设计的原型。
3、discuss the impact（冲击）of the Hawthorne studies on management thought.Managers begin to improve employees’ working conditions in order to be productivity.3，讨论关于管理的霍桑研究的影响（冲击）认为。
经理开始改善雇员的工作条件，以便为生产力。
4、describe the contingency approach(权变理论；全变方法) to management.In the contingency approach to management, different situations and conditions require different management, different situations and conditions require different management approaches.4，描述了应急的办法（权变理论;全变方法）来管理。
在应急的管理方式，不同的情况和条件不同的管理要求，不同的情况和条件，需要不同的管理方法。
5、what is Theory Z?It attempts to integrate American and Japanese management practices. It combines the American emphasis on individual responsibility with the Japanese emphasis on collective decision-making, slow promotion, and holistic concern for employees. 5，Z理论是什么？它试图结合美国和日本的管理方法。