Chapterc2 合同Contract第一节建筑合同的种类Types of Construction Contract一、按计价机制分类的合同(Contracts according to Pricing Mechanism) （一）总价合同/ 包干合同/ 总包合同(Lump Sum Contract)承包商同意实施全部指定的工程，以获得一笔预先规定的总款项。
[kən'sent]The contractor consents to execute the entire specified work for a stated total sum.（二）成本补偿合同(Cost Reimbursement Contract)雇主承诺支付承包商主要成本/直接成本，也就是施工中使用到的实际人工费、设备费、材料费。
The client undertakes to pay the contractor the prime cost: that is, the actual cost of labor, plant and materials utilized in the execution of the works.除了直接成本外，承包商还被付有代替开办费和利润的一笔约定款额。
In addition to the prime cost, the contractor is paid an agreed sum to cover establishment charges and profit.（三）单价合同(Unit Price Contract)即使没有给出合同价，但由于双方就适用于该工程的费率达成一致，因此对于成本是有一定控制的。
There is some control over cost because the parties agree on the rates which will apply to the work even though there is no contract sum. （四）计量合同(Measurement Contract)在本合同协定下，工程的单价是可提前预算的，但总价只能到工程完工时估量、估价来确定。
Price of units of work under this contractual arrangement is pre-estimated but the total price cannot be ascertained until the work is measured and valued on completion. [æsə'teind] 计量合同协定可以通过近似工程量清单或单价表获得。
Measurement contractual arrangement can be procured on an approximate bill of quantities or schedules of rates.施工中实际发生的费用the actual cost incurred in the execution of the works总价合同的价格可能是固定的也可能是浮动的。
The price for lump sum contracts may be fixed or fluctuating. ['flʌktʃueitiŋ]由于时间或其他方面的原因for reasons of time or otherwise从业主的角度看from the employer’s point of view费用超支cost overrun二、按工程范围或承包方式分类的合同(Contracts According To Scope of Work or Way of Contracting)（一）管理合同(Management Contract)在这种合同协定下，雇主委任一个组织或一家公司（称之为管理承包商）来管理和协调工程的设计和建设阶段。
Under this contractual arrangement, the client appoints an organization or a firm termed as the management contractor to manage and co-ordinate the design and construction phases of the project.服务设施service facilities永久工程permanent works塔式起重机tower crane脚手架scaffolding以各分包合同包的形式in subcontract packages（二）设计-施工合同(Contract for Design and Build)这种合同协定使得一家公司或一个组织能够对某一建筑物的设计与施工负全部责任，承担全部义务。
This contractual arrangement enables a firm or an organization to take full responsibility and carry sole liability for both the design and construction of a building.在雇主确定他/她对某一建筑物的需求之后，他/她将根据实体设计需求及预期的实体使用充分声明其要求。
After the client identified his or her need for a building, he or she states the requirement adequately in terms of physical design need as well as intended physical use.这种合同适合于标准的建筑物及工业系统（如工厂和仓库）。
This contract is suitable for standard buildings and industrialized system (e.g. factories and warehouses) .（三）一揽子交易/交钥匙合同[ri'petətiv] (Package Deals/Turnkey Contract)“总承包合同，整套承包合同，全包式合同”这种系统使用于工业、商业和重复建设的采购。
This system is employed in the procurement of industrial, commercial and repetitive buildings.专用系统proprietary system [prəu'praiətəri]报刊广告press advertisement规划许可planning permission价格谈判，价格协商price negotiation （四）分项分包合同(Separate Contract)建筑师在雇主批准他/她的设计解决方案后执行工程的管理。
The architect carries out the management of the project after the client has approved his or her design solution.建筑师代表雇主与一些被选定的工程承包商为各工程分项约定一些分项合同。
The architect arranges on behalf of the client a number of separate contracts with a selected number of works contractors for subdivisional work. ['sʌbdi,viʒənəl]分项工程验收acceptance of subdivisional work 雇主直接与每个被选定的承包商签订合同。
The client enters into direct contract with each of the selected contractors.第二节建筑工程承包商Construction Contractors监管建设项目执行的建筑商传统上被称为承包商，或更似施工人员。
Builders who supervise the execution of construction projects are traditionally referred to as contractors, or more approximately called constructors.总承包商协调一项工程各种各样的任务，专业承包商如机械、电力承包商履行他们专业上的工作。
The general contractor coordinates various tasks for a project while the specialty contractors such as mechanical or electrical contractors perform the work in their specialties.材料和设备供应商经常作为安装承包商，他们在建设项目中担任重要的角色因为材料和设备的交货条件影响着工程的质量、成本和及时完工。
Material and equipment suppliers often act as installation contractors: they play a significant role in a construction project since the conditions of delivery of material and equipment affect the quality, cost and timely completion of the project.（一）总承包商(General Contractors)一个在过去已经与主管、专业承包商或分包商团队合作过一些工程的好的总承包商在鼓励忠诚和协作方面最为有效。
[,sju:pərin'tendənt]A good general contractor who has worked with a team of superintendents, specialty contractors or subcontractors for a number of projects in the past is efficient in inspiring loyalty and cooperation.总承包商也对施工中使用的劳动力也很在行。