作业讲评：The Founders of Modern ScienceThe men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。

其中第二种长处最早期的希腊哲学家先前曾有过，第一种长处在古代晚期的天文家身上也有相当程度的表现。

但是在古代人中间，也许除亚里士达克外，没有人同时具备这两种长处，而中世纪的时候，更无人具备任何一种。

哥白尼像他的一些伟大的后继者，两者兼有。

关于各天体在天球上的外观运动，用当时已有的仪器所能知道的一切他全都知道；他并且认识到，地球每日自转一周这种讲法和所有天体旋转这讲法比起来，是个较简便的假说。

Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法) (part 2)2 Semantic Translation (意译)Proper nouns such as the names of organizations, institutions, newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, news agencies, books, films, some names of places implying certain meanings, and most of technical terms, should generally be translated semantically. Translators should first refer to encyclopedias, dictionaries, and specialized handbooks such as 《各国政府机构手册》、《联合国组织机构名称》、《世界报刊、电台、通讯社译名手册》、《英汉技术词典》、各科专门术语手册.Daily Telegraph (英、澳、新)每日电讯报Pentagon 五角大楼(美国国防部所在地)AP (Associated Press) 美联社(美国联合通讯社)Whitehall 白厅(英国政府机关所在地)Fleet Street 舰队街(英国伦敦的一条街，报馆集中的地方)sandwich course 工读交替制课程In translating names of organizations, institutions, titles, etc, remember that different established versions may apply for different usage of the same term:President 总统；大学校长；会长；总裁；董事长；总经理；银行行长；等等Chairman(通常男性)主席；董事长；总裁；会长；理事长；委员长；等等Secretary of State 大臣(英国)；国务卿(美国) Governor (美)州长；(澳)州总督；(印)邦长；(泰)府尹Most technical terms should be translated semantically, so that they can be readily understood by readers. Nothing gives the translator who is a stranger to a given subject more trouble than the translation of technical terms.cruise missile 巡航导弹stereovision 立体视角picture phone 电视电话micro film 缩微胶卷modem (= modulator-demodulator) 调制解调器(调解器)balun (= balanced-unbalanced transformer) 平衡—不平衡变换器cermet (= ceramics + metal) 金属陶瓷avionics ( = aviation + electronics) 航空电子学voder (= voice operation demonstrator) 语音合成仪LLLTV (= low light level television) 微光电视English is characterized by its openness of vocabulary. Words borrowed from other languages are often translated semantically:cassette (法) 盒式磁带raster (德)光栅kamikaze (日)神风突击机tungsten (瑞典)钨silo (西班牙) 导弹发射井robot (捷)机器人；(南非)自动交通信号机Many common words have new meanings in the vocabulary of science and technology:child (计算机)子进程；子节点host (计算机)主机，宿主机jewel box (case) (计算机)光盘拿angel (无线电)仙波，杂散反射back up (计算机)备份；返回bug 窃听器；防盗报警器；故障A good command of the meanings implied in prefixes or suffixes and of the word-forma-tion of technical terms is of great help to translators.3 Both Transliteration and Semantic translation (半音音意译)Some proper names, technical terms or other common nouns may be partly transliterated and partly translated semantically:club 俱乐部kilowatt 千瓦Cambridge 剑桥neon sign 霓虹灯Brinell test 布氏试验Babbit metal 巴氏合金Ohm's law 欧姆定律Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程式Some words may be transliterated with semantic translation added at the end or at the beginning (加字法):jeep 吉普车sardine 沙丁鱼utopia 乌托邦invar 因钢beer 啤酒flannel 法兰绒carbine 卡宾枪bar 酒吧card 卡片Dural 杜拉铝czar (tsar) 沙皇logic 逻辑学hamburger 汉堡包Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论Names from trade marks are often thus translated:Ford Escort (美)福特汽车公司护卫牌汽车Honda (日) 本田汽车公司Datsun (日)达特桑汽车公司Toyota Corolla (日)丰田汽车公司花冠牌汽车4 Shape-related Symbol Translation with a Semantic Explanation Added at the End (形译兼意译)cross 十字架zigzag wave 曲折波pyramid 金字塔T-beam 丁字梁mattock 鹤嘴锄I-steel 工字钢barrel 琵琶桶Y-pipe Y(叉)形管setsquare 三角板S-link S 形连接vanishing cream 雪花膏V-way V 形导轨herringbone gear 人字齿轮C-washer C 形垫圈5 Semantic Translation with the Original Alphabet, Abbreviation, or Number at the Beginning or at the End (意译兼字母、缩略语、型号、牌号、标号、数字)ATM (automated teller machine) ATM 机(自动柜员机)IC (integrated circuit) IC卡(集成电路卡)X ray X光(照片)pH (法语potentiel d'hydrogene) pH 值(氢离子浓度指数)AT cut (晶片的) AT切割p-n junction (半导体中的) pn结Vitamin-B12 维生素B12B-52 (美) B52轰炸机Boeing 737 波音737客机FORTRAN FORTRAN 语言Alfenol 16 含铝16%的铝铁高导磁合金Model SI-170A chuck lathe SI-170A型卡盘车床6 Borrowing of the Original Abbreviation (借用原文缩略语)Direct borrowings of the original abbreviations are more often used than before as a result of frequent cross-cultural communications, the development of foreign language education in China, the introduction of science and technology, and the remarkable progress in the spread of English as an international language. Their increasing use offers a direct and simpler way to express what has been newly created. The fifth edition of 《现代汉语词典》(2005) includes quite a number of these borrowings, such as:A V (audio-visual) 音频和视频TMD (Theater Missile Defense) 战区导弹防御系统WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网OTC (over the counter) 非处方药CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) 只读光盘SOHO (small office home office)小型家居办公室IDD (international direct dial) 国际直拨电话ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版编目；预编目录EMS (express mail service) 邮政特快专递GRIg (Graduate Record Examination) 美国等国家研究生入学资格考试ISBN (international standard book number)国际标准书号APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作组织MP3 (MPEG I audio layer 3) 播放数字音频压缩格式音频文件的袖珍型电子产品7 Coinage of New Characters (创造新词)There seems a final way to translate technical terms, i.e., to coin new Chinese characters if need be. However, new characters should be acknowledged by scientists or specialists.* Chemical elements:uranium (U) 铀plutonium (Pu) 钚radon (Rn) 氡platinum (Pt) 铂* Chemical nouns:ammonia 氨ether 醚alkane 链烷benzene 苯* Medicines:sulfadiazine 磺胺嘧啶phenolphthalein 酚酞Drills for this section(1) Translate the following proper names of persons and places:1. Charles De Gaulle 9. Caesar (Cezar)2. Napoleon 10. Osaka3. Pearl S. Buck 11. Kakuei Tanaka4. Yoshida 12. Syngman Rhee5. Seoul 13. John Leighton Stuart6. Vladivostok 14. John King Fairbank7. Khabarovsk 15. Dr.Juan (Mexican)8. Gold Coast 16. Little Rock(2) Translate the following proper nouns:1. NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)4. Mathematics for the Million (magazine)5. Labour Monthly (British periodical)6. Baltimore Sun (American newspaper)7. Reader's Digest (American periodical)8. Malayan Monitor (newspaper)9. United Press International (UPI)10. Rebecca (American novel & film)11. The Gold Rush (American film by Chaplin)12. Oliver Twist (by Charles Dickens)(3) Translate the following technical terms:1. morphine 5. magneto phone2. barometer 6. p-n-p transistor3. photoflash 7. Trident-3B (British plane)4. sputnik (from Russian) 8. ground-to-air missile9. Sprint (--Solid Propellant Rocket Interceptor)10. Samos (=Satellite and Missile Observation System)(4) Explain your choices from the following translations:1. university college①大学学院②大学夜校部2. institute of technology①工艺学校②工科大学③理工学院3. career education①事业教育②生计教育③职业教育(cf.vocational education)4. middle school①中间学校②中学(cf. high school, secondary school)5. Xerox Corporation (美)①施乐公司②(克)塞罗克斯公司6. Texas Instruments (美)①午克萨斯仪器公司②德州仪器公司7. IBM (International Business Machine) (美)①国际商业机器公司②万国通用机器公司8. Control Data Corporation (美)①控制数据公司②资料管理公司9. President Reagan①里根总统(cf.Regan)②雷根总统10. analysis of variance program①不同程序的分析②方差分析程序11. description of population program①人口程序的叙述方法②总体描述程序12. sweetened condensed milk①甜炼乳②加糖冷凝牛奶13. Red Star over China (by Edgar Snow)①《西行漫记》②《红星普照中国》③《中国上空的红星》14. Uncle Tom's Cabin①《黑奴吁天录》(林纾译)②《汤姆叔叔的小屋》③《汤姆大伯的小屋》15. David Copperfield①《块肉余生述》(林纾译)②《大卫·科波菲尔》16. Ham]et①《王子复仇记》②《哈姆雷特》17. The Call of the Wild①《野性的呼声》②《荒野的呼唤》18. Wuthering Heights①《魂归离恨天》②《呼啸山庄》19. A Farewell to Arms①《战地春梦》②《永别了，武器》③《永别了，战争》20. For Whom the Bell Tolls (by E. Hemingway)①《战地钟声》②《丧钟为谁而鸣》③《钟为谁呜》21. Soldier's Home①《一个士兵的家庭》②《士兵回家》③《军人之家》22. Sister Carrie①《嘉莉姑娘》②《嘉莉妹妹》23. Gone With the Wind①《飘》②《随风逝去》③《往事如烟》④《乱世佳人》24. NewArabian Adventures (British film)①《新天方夜谭》②《新阿拉伯历险记》25. The V oyage of Damned (British film)①《该死的航程》②《苦海余生》26. A Night to Remember (British film)①《难忘的一夜》②《冰海沉船》27. The Last Snows of Spring (Italian film)①《父子情深》②《春天的残雪》28. Sound of Music (American fi]m)①《仙乐风飘处处闻》②《音乐之声》29. Waterloo Bridge (American film)①《魂断蓝桥》②《滑铁卢桥》30. Brief Encounter (British film)①《短暂的邂逅》②相见恨晚》31. Blood and Sand (American film)①《血和沙》②《碧血黄沙》All’s Well That Ends WellAs You Like ItCarve Her Name with PrideOliver TwistLove’s Labour’s LostMuch Ado About NothingThe Pilgrim’s ProgressShe Stoops to ConquerThe War of the WorldsHomework:One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of eighteen, presented herself at the clerk’s dest of the pricipal hotel in Columbus, Ohio, and made inquiry as to whether there was anything about the place that she could do. She was of helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open counternance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the counternances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. Any one could see where the daughter behind her got the timidity and shamefacedness which now caused her to stand back and look indifferently away. She was a product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father. Poverty was driving them. Together they presented so appealingly a picture of honest necessity that even the clerk was affected.。