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中英文科技论文写作-Abstract
The sources of noise in the instrument are discussed, and simple models and methods for reducing noise are presented.
The instrument can be used for fast scanning calorimetry of submicrogram samples with sensitivity of 1 nJ/K and time solution of 5 ms.
(人类至今尚未发现一种有效治疗感冒的 方法。) 句中隐含着估计一段时间后也不会发现, 但是将耒能否会有,尚有待事实来说明。 (参见:周春晖编著. 科技英语写作. 北 京:化学工业出版社,2003)
举例 一般现在时及其被动语态 PET films uniaxially drawn in hot water are studied by means of conventional DSC and modulated DSC (MDSC). Variations of Tg with the water content and with the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials. The increments of ΔCp at Tg are also interpreted using a three phases model.
摘要的内容应大致包括
IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion
独立短文:独立性
The first studies by Shuford et al. (Polym Eng Sci 1976,16,25) of the effect of draw ratio on the piezoelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) lms concluded that the effect of molecular orientation due to draw prior to film polarization was to increase greatly the piezoelectric response.
Abstract
1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
定义:以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释,简明、 确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。 摘要是检索机构数据库的重要 信息来源。
1 基本特性
具有独立性和自明性,它是通篇文章的 概括和总结,应该反映文章的全貌,因 此一篇英文摘要应该用简明、精炼、确 切的文字向广大读者提供尽可能多的定 性和定量的信息。
Abstract Objective: Determination of components of meleumycin of domestic products to improve the quality specification of meleumycin of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005. Method: using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to identify the eight major components of the reference substance of meleumycin, using this method, eight components of twelve samples were qualified. Result: The contents of the components of midecamycin A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%~50% and 10%~20% respectively, the contents of the rest components were lower, different manufactures produces have different components. Conclution: To revise the specification of meleumycin for quality control. meleumycin 麦白霉素,midecamycin 麦迪霉素 leucomycin 吉他霉素
· Omit obscure abbreviations. · Write the paper before you write the abstract.
1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
2 时态
以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和 现在完成时 说法一:从理论上讲: 一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结 论,揭示自然界的客观规律 一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象 的规律性认识,这种认识也许有一定的局限性 现在完成时 表明过程的延续性,虽某事件(过 程)发生在过去,但强调对现实所产生的影响
summary of the main sections of the paper:Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion.
· An abstract can be defined as a summary of
the information in a document.
许多论文,虽然是作者过去做的工作和 得到的结论,然而这些工作和结论并不 是达到“完结了”的阶段,而是还会有 人,也可能是作者本人,继续研究下去, 从而产生进一步的改进和完善。从这一 角度出发,可以用现在完成时来描述已 做过的工作,以表达这种延续性。
例: Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.
关于结构式文摘
韩仲琪,李炳汝,王庆法. 医学论文英文摘要格式 及其写作问题. 编辑学报,2002,14(6):412
据统计,目前世界上约有60%的核心生物医学期刊采用 结构式摘要,但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。 结构式文摘是按 Objective (目的)、 Methods (方法)、 Results(结果)和Conclusions(结论)逐一阐述论文 的梗概。在Objective项,可直接用动词不定式的一般 式主动语态,如To provide, To explore, …; Methods和 Results 项,可用一般过去时(有时也用现在完成时) 及其被动语态;Conclusions 则用一般现在时
说法二: EI 数据库建议: 用过去时态叙述作者工作; 用现在时态叙述作者结论。
说法三
论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的 结果,无论是过去,还是现在或将耒都是如 此。故常用现在时表达。 过去时“表达一件过去发生过的事,而且现在 已经完结了。”如文中指出发生的日期和时 间是写文章之前,必须用过去时,例: This was first known in 1930.
指示性文摘(indicative abstract)
This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subject of a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.
Methods 用完整的句子,以被动句和过去时态为主。
Results 用一般过去时陈述实验结果。
Conclusions 集中表达作者的学术观点。
参见:刘雪立 . 医学论文英文结构式摘要的写作, 中国科技期刊研究,2003,14(4):452
摘要的基本内容与写法
· The Abstract should provide a brief
The method has been successfully tested on materials of known critical cooling rates. The data have been analyzed by the McMillan-Mayer theory to determine the enthalpic interaction coefficients.
Objective 动词不定式开头 To investigate … To study … To explore … To examine … To determine … To report … To review … 使用第一人称时,用凡指的 we, the author, the authors ,不用I。 如:In this paper we conclude …
对化学文摘两个最基本的形式: 报道性文摘(informative abstract)
It can and should briefly state the problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions.
基本类型: 报道性,指示性,报道-指示性和 结构式文摘 注意摘要与前言的区别,有关背景资料 (background information) 放前言中
摘要有几种类型:
informative abstract indicative abstract informative-indicative abstract structured abstract 20世纪80年代出现的, 是报道性摘要的结构化表达