• culture encouraging experimentation.reward both success & failure,celebrate mistakes.rewarded for the absence of failures rather than for the presence of successes
• the politics of change:threaten the status quo; power, stakeholder,impetus--new comer
4.Approach to managing change
(1) 3-Phase (Lewin’s notion)
• Unfreezing:change effort to overcome the pressures of both individual & group conformity,
5.Key Change issues in the 1990s
(1)creating the learning organization
• --has developed the continuous capacity to adapt & change
• single-loop learning:errors are corrected using past routines & present policies
Dimensions of Organizational Change
Top Down _______________ Bottom-up Radical _______________ Incremental Discontinuous _____________ Continuous Planned _______________ Emergent OD ----Incremental, gradual, planed changes Organizational transformation---Decisive,
rapid,fundamental changes
Chap. 18 Organizational Change & Development
§18.1 Forces of Change
Specific factors acting as stimulantc & Changing environment
3.What can change agents change?
• Structure:alter 1 or more of the key elements in -,major modifications in
• technology:most of early studies dealt with efforts aimed at technological change.introduction of new equipment,tools,methods;automation;computerizat ion
• world politics
2.Managing Planned Change
• Change:making things different. • Planned Change:change activities that are
intentional & goal-oriented. Accidental occurrence;proactive & purposeful • the goals:improve the ability of - to adapt to changes in its environment;change -- behavior • order of magnitude:1st-order:linear & continuous, no fundamental shift; 2nd-order:multidimensional, multilevel,discontinuous,& radical • Change agents: persons acting as catalysts & assume the responsibility for managing --
• physical setting:consider work demands,formal interaction requirement & social needs when m- d. About space configurations,interior design,equip placement
• competition:global competitions,mergers & considerations,growth of specialty retailers
• social trends:increase in college attendance & divorce rate, delayed marriages by young peoples
• human resources:promote training & development of -- to keep current.offer high job security so -- don’t fear getting fired for M-M.champion of change:s-c. Per,energy,r-t,lead
• implementation, equilibrium state
• Refreezing or institutionalization:stabilizing a change intervention by balancing.
Sustained over time,prevent from being short lived & reverting to the previous -• the analysis of driving forces: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. constrainting forces: forces that hinder movement away -- achieved in 1 of the 3 ways,--,--,combine the 1st 2
• A new idea applied to initiating or improving a products, process or service
• structural variables:organic -- positively influence innovation; long tenure in -- is associated with --. 3.nurtured where there are slack resource,bearing the cost of -; internunit communication facilitate cross-fertilization
• evaluation:the effectiveness of the actions,using the initial data gathered as points of reference.
5.Key Change issues in the 1990s
(1) stimulating organizational innovation
• people: changing the attitudes & behaviors of --.od
4.Resistance to change
• Individual:habit,security,economic factors, fear of the unknown,selective information process
• organization:structural inertia,limited focus of change,group inertia,threat to expertise, threat to established power relationships, (R-A)
• overcoming:education & communication, participation, facilitation & support,negotiation, manipulation & cooperation,coersion
• Technology:IT automation,TQM program, BPR • nature of the work force:more cultural diversity,
increase in professions,many new entrants with inadequate skills • economic shocks:security market crashes,interest rate fluctuations,foreign currency fluctuations
• double-loop learning:errors are corrected by modifying the --’s objectives, policies & standard routines
• basic characteristics of--:a shared vision; put aside old ways of thinking;think of all -- factors with the environment as part of a system of interrelationships; be open with each other without fear of --;sublimate -- to work together to achieve the --’s shared vision